Distribution Channel

Tourism distribution channel is a system of intermediaries or middleman that facilitates the sale and delivery of tourism services from suppliers to consumers (Buhalis and Law, 2001). Distribution channels can serve as part of the marketing mix that can makes the products available to consumers as the link between suppliers of tourism products and their end consumers, as well as the bridge between supply and demand (Kracht and Wang, 2010). This shows that, important to have a good distribution channel strategies to ensure information of the destination will be distribute aggressively.Pulau Meranti Lake is one of the potentially lake to be developed and promote as one of the tourism attraction. This lake situated at Puchong, nearby Sepang, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. Pulau Meranti Lake has an abundance of rural land and plentiful of water resources. This two combination will create the potential for significance economic development and help it to become one of the best lakes for water b ased activity tourism. Changing on consumers preferences have expanded the range of channels that tourism suppliers might use to distribute their products and multi – channels distribution is now are common.Each channel or path to the market may appeal to different segments, suit some products more than others suit, and have a simple or complex structure. Somewhat more slowly, distribution is also being acknowledged as a key part of revenue management. Returns can vary significantly from one channel to the next with each channel having its own set costs and benefits (Pearce, 2009). Having a good strategy will help new potential destination like Pulau Meranti Lake to be expose, having marketing strategy will help suppliers knows opportunities or threats that might occur also the strength and weaknesses of Pulau Meranti Lake.There are several steps involved to developed distribution channel for Meranti Lake. Identify Customers Needs and Selection Preference; Needs and wants of customers are varying for one market to other market. Suppliers need to do an observation on how to provide best information to the customers. In making their decision to visit one particular destination, customer needs information about the destinations, product available, services (example; transportation, accommodation), activities that offer and available at the destination.By provide this information clearly, it will help customer that interested to come to have some ideas about the Pulau Meranti Lake. Identify the Functions to be Performed to Meet the Distribution Needs of the Customers; there are some key functions to be identified such as information provision. We need to provide adequate information to the customers not only in the right place but also in the right time. Other than that, we need to consider on either to combine various elements such as accommodation, transportation or activities together.The most important steps are to decide marketing mix on Pulau Meranti Lake. Most of tourism supplier might require several marketing channel in order to cater a different types of customers and to wider the information to the customer. There are some questions needs to be answer by suppliers like on what are the best marketing mix that can be use and which are the best partner to be collaboration to make sure this potential destination are success. In case of Pulau Meranti Lake, we will use four P’s as our distribution channels strategy. i. ProductPulau Meranti Lake offers a water based activity tourism to the tourists. The combinations of sports, entertainment and relaxing place. There are many activities that tourists can do at Pulau Meranti Lake such as boating, water skiing, kayaking, jet skiing, and great fishing. Other than that, Pulau Meranti Lake also offer land activities such as cycling. Beside many activities offering, Pulau Meranti also provides lodging such as floating chalets to the tourist who like to stay and for those like to c amping, Pulau Meranti Lake provide an empty places for them.Other than that, there is one restaurant that implements open kitchen style to cater female tourists. Our restaurant concept will collaboration with Pak Engku, founder of Kuzie Catering, which is Pak Engku will managed the restaurant. Our restaurant also will give chance to women tourist by provide them an activities such as cooking class with our chefs on every weekend. ii. Price Some of our target markets are youth, working family, local communities, retired couples and lake enthusiast.We will offer affordable price to ensure we can attract more visitors to come and enjoy activities that provided at the lake. There are special price for schoolchildren, university students and senior citizen. We offer different price for student because we would like to make sure that they will come and enjoy our activities and at the same time will help government to decrease social problems and make sure that this young generation have s ome place for them to do their activities and not wasting their time. iii. PlacePulau Meranti Lake is strategic. This lake located between Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur. It connected efficiently and effectively. Approximately, it takes about 15 minutes from Putrajaya and 30 minutes from Subang Jaya. Somehow, we will do collaboration with developers around Pulau Meranti Lake such as LBS Bina Group Berhad to construct alternatives entrance to make it easier for tourist to come. Besides that, there are important to have easy access from highway and make tourist alert about the signage to the lake from the highways.In this situation, we will collaboration with Lingkaran Trans Kota Sdn Bhd or better known as LITRAK, concessionaire of Lebuhraya Damansarsa Puchong (LDP). The LDP is the instant and vital link to many tourist attraction and places of interest. Easy access will encourage more tourists to come and enjoy the activity provided by us. Other than that, we also will collaborate with R angkaian Pengangkutan Integrasi Deras Sdn Bhd (RapidKL) to list Pulau Meranti Lake in one of their routes every day. With this collaboration, Pulau Meranti Lake can be easily access via road transportation such as bus and car. v. Promotion This is one of the important part which is it has required the best combination to maximize the information distribution to the potential visitors. We will design an informative brochure that includes all the information such as activities, lodging and transportation, picture and map for visitors. We will also organize this brochure to be put at RapidKL counter and distribute it to highway users (such as LDP) by having a partnership with them. This partnership will give us an advantage to highlight Pulau Meranti Lake in RapidKL brochure.Other than that, printed media such as magazine also will be use. We choose Karangkraf as our partner. Karangkraf offer various type of magazine that caters for different segment. â€Å"LIBUR† is one of the magazines that we want to collaborate, which is this magazine are the first travel magazine in Bahasa Malaysia that provide international and local travel destinations. This magazine provides and informative information on the local and international travel scene for local readers, where to stay, dine and shop.One of activities that our offers are fishing, in order to attract fishing lovers we choose to advertise our lake in â€Å"UMPAN†, one of the magazine for fishing enthusiast. Information technology becomes one of the effective tools nowadays. This promotion tools has their own target market especially young generation. In order to attract this type of market segment, we will create a website for Pulau Meranti Lake. This website will have information of lake administration such as phone numbers, address, map and all information needed.We also will make sure our website is user friendly in order to make the information available directly on the website instead of going th rough several different links. Others marketing strategies that we plan to do is partnership with local, state and federal programs or agencies. We will try to organize Fishing Tournament every year. This programmed need us to do collaboration with local council, Majlis Perbandaran Sepang to promote our program. Besides that, this programmed also need us to strengthen our partnership with fishing department for stocking fishing to the lake.Regular monitoring and evaluation needed to ensure that marketing mix that has been chosen meet customers’ needs and wants. From business perspective, distribution channel not only to promote the product but also to generate income for the company. The project to transform Pulau Meranti Lake to Recreational Lake Tourism will be beneficial to not only the local council and local people, but it also can help us to prevent our environment and at the same time, economic and social development also will be beneficial.Reference Buhalis, D. and La ws, E. (2001), Tourism Distribution Channels: Practices, Issues and Transformation, Continuum, London Pearce, D. G. (2009). Channel Design for Effective Tourism Distribution Strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing,  26, 507 – 521. doi:10. 1080/10548400903163046 Kracht, J. and Wang, Y. (2010). Examining the Tourism Distribution Channel: Evolution and Transformation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,  22(5), 736 – 757. doi:10. 1108/09596111011053837 Distribution Channel Choice of distribution channels The choice of distribution channels is an important part of the companies’ development and has a significant effect on the production and sales. The production of ipad is very professional ,scientific and specific. Because of its mention ,high-tech products have specify when it comes to the channels of distribution. Usually,we can use the centralized distribution channels. Model of distribution 1) , , ,COMPAQ? DELL , 90 , : , 3? 4 , â€Å" † , IBM? HP? 2) Among all of the methods mentioned above ,the most frequent method s Apple use to distribute Ipod are the personal selling and agency. Apple adopt the personal selling because manufacturing companies can trade with customers directly,supplying all-around service such as product transport ,organization and research,preservation and technical support.In that way ,it can ensure the efficiency of the operation of channel. Direct selling means that there is only one point between the produce r and the final users,so the target users are usually large or medium companies. Although this method is widely used abroad,it develops slowly in China . Compared with personal selling ,Apple mainly sells Ipod through the distribution channel of Agency. And this approach plays a main role in the sales of electrical products in China.Its main advantage is that it can cover a large number of users,which is in favor of the promotion of Ipod as well as increase the popularity and regulation of the products of Apple. However,the most serious issue of the method is that because of the personal interests pursing of the agents,it is hard to â€Å" ( )~ † , , â€Å" ~ ( )~1 2 3 † , 3 , , , , , [1] , , , , , , Personal selling:Apple Corp set up a large number of offices and branches for come fixed big customers,such as Ogilvy ,Mccann,Leo Bernar. Under management and allocation in the marketing center, for the customer service, and develop new customers in the related area.Age ncy:Compared to sales, agents for apple is the role of its products to more general consumers In addition to professional customers in the area, With the return of Jobs and the apple Ipod series products, Apple open a new market in the majority of ordinary users . so,relations of mutual benefit and reciprocity between apple and agents, which makes the business of agents and the distributors is prosperous. Distributor:Different from the agents,as a distributor,Apple give them exclusive distribution rights , good profits,training of products as well as support for promotion,which gives them more advantages in sales.In some parts ,Apple will authorize a number of third party companies produce similar products and allow them to be sold on the market without labels. While in the mainland of china ,people will see some products claiming to be Apple ‘s OEM product labeling. Distributors claim that these products are Apple Proxy Companies production,but authority of Apple has not admi t that and have the rumor ,its attitude is ruminate. Shops:We can say it is Apple that bring the boom,the model of running shops almost violate the fundamental principle of sales.The servants of the shops will only commute with the customers about the clever use of the products ,but they rarely persuade them to buy immediately. Actually,from the establishment of 251 shores within 7 years and the 20 percentage of Apples’ sales income,we can conclude that the model is very successful. Online shop:this shop is not the distribution online sales like Taobao,but the sales model on Apple’s official website established by itself. Tn fact ,if you are a user of Ipod ,most changes will be conducted on its website. so, as a user of Apple ,you can hardly be attracted by its products

How to establish the communication Essay

Everyone has different needs and styles in which they communicate. There are also many different ways in which we may establish these communication needs, wishes and preferences. A good way to begin to understand a patient’s needs, wishes and preferences is to read their notes and history’s to see if this contains any relevant information. For example, if I read that a patient has hearing problems, I would then know to make sure that I speak to the patient clearly and slowly and look at them so they can read my lips. Other ways to establish communication needs, wishes and preferences is by interacting with the patient and through conversation I learn how to best communicate with the patient. It is also important to remember to be clear and concise in all forms of communication, especially when working with people with learning disabilities, where they might get confused if I speak too quickly or use too complex language. It may benefit, if this is the case, to use your body language to help explain what you are trying to say and to emphasise the tone of the conversation. Also, pictures can be used to help the patient and myself understand. For example, one of my patients uses cards that display what emotions they are feeling, they will use these to communicate how they are feeling. In the past, I have worked with a patient who is deaf. For me to establish what her needs were, I first spoke to the nurse in charge and they informed me she was deaf, however, could sign or write things down. As I could not sign, our preferred form of communication was writing, which after spending time together worked quite well.

Of mice and men - A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book Essay Example for Free

‘Of mice and men’ – A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book Essay Fiction (1033) , Book (985) , John Steinbeck (629) , Of Mice and Men (560) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book ‘Of mice and men’ is set in southern California at the time of the great depression (late 1920 and early 30’s), the basis of the story is about 2 men George and Lenny, who are two workers who travel from place to place finding work on ranches, so they can earn there 50 bucks a month. George is the leader out of the two he looks after Lenny, sorts out where they go and what they do and eat. Lenny is a very big and strong man, but he is very dumb and could not look after himself, he his at heart a nice, harmless man but likes colourful, nice feeling things, so he is just like a small child. Lenny gets them into trouble a lot, he likes to touch nice things and when he does people get the wrong idea and like at the start of the book and film gets accused of rape, and at the end causes a death of a woman. Like most writers or directors, John Steinbeck and Gary Sinise try to grab the readers or viewer’s attention. Even though the novel and film are based on the same story, they use different techniques and ways to try and get the audiences attention. In the novel John Steinbeck uses a lot of description of his settings and this is how he tries to keep the audience’s imagination going. For example in the first two pages of the novel, he uses a strong descriptive and a strong style of language to try and give an effect of a natural, calm and peaceful atmosphere, also when describing the willow pool he tries and puts as much detail in as possible, as this area of land is one of the most important places in the story as this is where Steinbeck starts the story and ends it in a similar place. It’s quite amazing how Steinbeck manages to turn a violent and threatening scene into a calm, relaxing place and an almost peaceful time. I think that the first set of settings is set in a spring/summer theme as they are talking about there dream which is seen as the American dream of this time, so this also relates to life in the late boom and depression of the 1920’s. The beginning is used to try and introduce the two main characters portraying Lenny as the leader and it seems that he is like a father to Lenny who is portrayed as a small child who cannot control what he is doing. George also knows he has to take the role as the father or older brother and has to keep rules and tells him what to do, e.g. when they are drinking from the lake Lenny keeps his head in the water and is just guzzling the water down, then George says; â€Å"For god sake don’t drink so much†, and also he checks if the water is safe by making sure that its is running although George is of little intelligence him self he knows how to stay alive and live well. Gary Sinise tries to grab the audience’s attention quite differently at the beginning of the film as he uses a dramatic sequence of George and Lenny sitting in the luggage holder of a train, and you see him thinking back to what happened at Weed. When this is happening the light fades over Georges face from the cracks in the compartments wooden walls, this effect of the light streaming across his face gives an imaginary sense of prison bars. During Georges flashbacks you see them running fast and out of breath down a field full of long grass, and it keeps flashing back on Georges face in the train giving you a sense of distress instead of the calming effect of the novel. It then flashes to a pretty woman in a red dress that has a rip going down the bottom of it, the air flows through her dress and hair as she is running down a field. This scene really is exciting and full of tension to the viewer, which contrasts totally to the calm and peaceful opening of the book. Next you she a bunch of workers in a field, and they hear the girl’s screams. The workers on horse follow carrying shotguns. This contrasts to the life of today against nearly a century ago, as nowadays Lenny would have been arrested and put to a fair trial but back then they would have just killed Lenny on the spot. This scene puts people on the edges of their seats giving a sense of suspense; this is how a good director is able to keep the audiences attention to the film. The scene of the willow pool is quite like the scene in the book it gives a more relaxed effect from the previous suspense scenes, as they hide neck deep under the overflowing bush weed, and luckily the workers lose them. When we see George and Lenny getting there work cards it proves the fact that this is in the 1930’s as there were a lot of job shortages and you had to go to a job office and see if any jobs were available, most people would take any job there was, because of the depression. This then gives us a slight historical background of the time they are in. George in the book is firstly described as â€Å"small and quick, dark of face with restless eyes and sharp, strong features†. George being described as having restless eyes gives an impression that he is quite alert and a quick thinker of what to do in troubled times. Lenny on the other hand is described quite differently: â€Å"Huge man, shapeless face with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws†. â€Å"†¦the way a bear drags his paws† Lenny is being described as an animal which shows that he is a slow and clumsy both physical and mentally. The characters in the film are unlike the ones in the book as they are not physically opposite. Lenny is only slightly taller than George, but the behaviours of these two characters do mirror that it is similar to the book as Lenny acts like a child and George is the smart, dominant one. This is often shown in the close ups of their faces and in their speech and movement. The clothes they wear are described in the book as workers clothes so rugged and tattered, so the movie is also based on this part as the clothes in the movie are like this. In my opinion I think casting John Malkovich was perfect to be Lenny as he was able to portray the child like brain of Lenny. He seemed to fit the right description of Lenny. The voice used by John Malkovich was very effective in giving the viewer a childlike impression of Lenny. Gary Sinise although he was director he himself played George and he obviously knew how he wanted George to be played and he did with an amazing attitude, he gave out the attitude and cunningness of George as is written in the book. In conclusion, the beginning of the book and the beginning of the film are based on the same storyline. The way the scenes are described and presented are really quite different. Gary Sinise is able to create a sense of action and suspense followed by the calm of the willow pool, whilst Steinbeck creates a very rich and calm descriptive opening scene, which contrasts with the violence of what is actually happening. ‘Of mice and men’ – A comparison of the opening scenes of the film and the beginning of the book. (2017, Oct 26). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Arbitral Ammunity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Arbitral Ammunity - Assignment Example Arbitral immunity is imperative for effective decisions of arbitrators. An arbitrator or any organization acting in similar capacity is protected from civil litigation in the same way judges of courts of law enjoy immunity for acting in a judicial manner. The protection from liability accorded by common law supplements any protections under written laws as well as international bodies of law (Bricker, 2013). In light of this, an arbitrator’s failure to declare his or her role does not make him or her vulnerable to liability under the law. In addition, in judicial, organizational, or similar cases, an arbitrator or agent of an arbitration body is not normally competent to give evidence, and is likely to be exempted from producing records in respect of any statement, behavior, verdict, or relief occurring in the course of the arbitration process in as much the same way as a judicial officer carrying out his or her judicial duties (McClure, & Freehills, 2013). Regardless, immunity could be lifted in the event that a member of the arbitration panel, arbitration body, or an agent of an arbitration body provided the conduct of the arbitrator, the body, or legal representative strongly borders on misconduct (Mettler, 2008). In addition, arbitral immunity may be lost if a court finds that the arbitrator, his or her organization, or an agent of the organization is incompetent. Otherwise, courts are mandated to award reasonable compensation to any arbitrators or an organization that has been unfairly targeted by civil liability cases in balancing the interests of both parties (American Arbitration Association, 2010). Considerable debate on the parameters of immunity to members of various arbitration panels and their agents took center stage in the run up to the revision of the United Nations Commission on International Trade and Law (UNCITRAL)

Open economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Open economy - Term Paper Example The primary advantage for consumers living in a country with an open economy is obvious in that they have a much larger variety of goods to choose from. The caveat here must be â€Å"if they can afford to buy them.† Additionally, these consumers may also invest financially outside of the country. Regarding country as a political entity, it is not required to equal its output of goods and services and can, if it wishes, spend more money than it itself produces within its economy by borrowing from abroad, or it can spend less than it produces and lend the difference to other countries. A primary example of this previous statement is the United States as the former country mentioned, and China as the latter, a situation widely discussed and criticized by many as detrimental to the future economic and political stability of our nation as well as its security. ChinaDaily.com quotes President Obama. â€Å"The long-term deficit and debt that we have accumulated (with China) is unsustainable. We cant keep on just borrowing from China... We have to pay interest on that debt and that means that were mortgaging our childrens future with more and more debt" (para. 2-3). At over $700 billion in U.S. government securities, and despite its own mixed participation in the open economy which discourages foreign investment, China is the single largest holder of U.S. debt. With a budget deficit of over 1.8 trillion, the US continues to import Chinese goods and allow it access to investment and debt purchase at a disproportionately alarming rate. With the world economy shrinking, c oncerns are many that China will either stop buying our debt or call in markers we are unable to pay. Much of what is touted about the benefits of open economy to poorer nations is largely theoretical. Chidambaran in India in Transition presents a positive view of the

Victim Advocacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Victim Advocacy - Essay Example The need for such profile of the victim arose and its utility was realized when the investigation teams had to solve the cases of serial criminals. The development of the profile of the potential victims on the basis of the existing victim's information helped to trace the serial criminals. However, this strategy is now not restricted to the serial crimes only, rather a separate field of studies has been developed to work on the matter; this field is termed as 'victimology'. "The scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials -- and the connections between victims and other societal groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements." (Karmen) The concept of victim dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations. Its original meaning was rooted in the exercise of sacrifice -- the taking of the life of a person or animal to satisfy a deity. (Karmen) Before 1940's, as mentioned earlier, the criminology and the crime investigation had total focus of research and academic analysis on the criminals, victims had no significant place in the investigation. However, the field of criminology gave birth to victimology when Mendelson and Von Hentig started studying the victims of the crime as well, since were of the view that like criminals, the victims should also be the integral part of such analysis. These two are know as the father of the study of Victimology. (Roberson) Mendelson asserted that victims had an "unconscious aptitude for being victimized." (Roberson, 1994) Von Hentig published an article in 1941 with the title "Remarks on the Interaction between Perpetrator and Victim" (Hentig). Later on, he published "The Criminal and his Victim", a textbook on criminology in which he wrote a chapter about the victim (Hentig). He treated the victim as one of the participants in a crime. The term victimology was evolved by Mendelsohn in 1947 in a paper presented in French at a congress in Bucharest. Another significant contribution in the development of the field of Victimology as a separate discipline of studies is by S. Schafer who published in 1968 a remarkable book on the subject entitled "The Victim and his Criminal; a study into functional responsibility" It was the result of all these efforts that victimology evolved as a separate branch of studies in 1970's and is now progressing by leaps and bounds. Difference between Victimology, Criminology, Sociology and Psychology: Before moving on to the differences, one must be clear about respective definitions since they form the basis for difference. Criminology is the scientific study of the crime. Sociology is the study of the individuals, groups and institutions

SouthWest Airlines Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

SouthWest Airlines Analysis - Case Study Example The company sells seats on a one-way basis. Fares are set on the basis of demand for particular flights and by reference to the period remaining to the date of departure of the flights. Higher fares are charged on flights with higher levels of demand made nearer to the date of departure. The company provides various ancillary services and engages in other activities connected with its core air passenger service. These include non-flight scheduled services, the in-flight sale of beverages, food and merchandise and Internet-related services. As part of its non-flight scheduled and Internet-related services, the company distributes accommodation services and travel insurance through both its website and its telephone reservation offices. Southwest also sells bus and rail tickets onboard its aircraft and through its website. Southwest Airlines was established in 1971 in Texas with three Boeing 737 planes and routes between Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. The company's business model was simply: "If you get your passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares, and make darn sure they have a good time doing it, people will fly your airline." (Southwest Airlines Co., 2010) Rollin King and Herb Kelleher decided to start an airline that is distinct and unique in terms of services and fare. They envision an airline that caters to the travelling businessmen and other passengers who requires frequent point to point flights. With President Lamar Muse at the helm, Southwest Airlines took off on its maiden voyage in 1971 and began service between Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. In 1979, innovative self-service ticketing machines were introduced and utilized in ten cities to make the ticketing faster and more convenient for customers. (Southwest Airlines Co., 2010) By 1980s, Herbert D. Kelleher comes aboard as permanent President, CEO, and Chairman of the Board for Southwest Airlines, and Southwest spreads its wings to San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Las Vegas, Kansas City, and Phoenix. Three additional Boeing 737-200s are purchased, and Southwest flies over 9,500,000 satisfied Customers. And in 1989, it reaches its billion dollar revenue mark and become a major player in the airline industry. (Southwest Airlines Co., 2010) By 1994, the company introduced Ticketless Travel in four cities and became available system wide by January 1995. And in 2004, the company began offering online boarding passes via southwest.com. Today Southwest Airlines is the largest airline in the United States, based on domestic passengers servicing 68 cities with a fleet of 537 planes and is on its 37th straight year of profitability. Southwest became a major airline in 1989 when it exceeded the billion-dollar revenue mark. Southwest is the United States' most successful low-fare, high frequency, point-to-point carrier. (Southwest Airlines Co., 2010) B. Business Vision and Mission Statements Figure . Southwest's vision and mission statements ( (Southwest Airlines Co., 1988) C. External Opportunities and Threats Fuel Price Impact Fuel prices can have a significant impact on Southwest's profitability. Volatile fuel costs, coupled with a continued domestic economic downturn, had a significant effect on Southwest and the airline industry, in general. In 2008, the higher fuel prices during most of the year led to industry-wide capacity

Our Role as a Good Samaritan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Our Role as a Good Samaritan - Essay Example An act of generosity towards a friend or acquaintance that may be hungry, ill, or in need of mental comfort would certainly be an act of a Good Samaritan. Life asks us to respond to the needs of people who may be physically disadvantaged, elderly, or poverty-stricken. While offering all the charity we can to anyone in greater need than ourselves may not be practical or realistic, volunteering for an event to help the disadvantaged that live in your community is an act we all have the resources to do. We can take our Saturday afternoon and spend it mowing the lawn for someone who is not physically able. The act of doing a good deed is more important than trying to define the magnitude of the act. Being a Good Samaritan is being there, for anyone in need, with help and kindness when it is needed. The true Good Samaritan will not gauge whether the recipient of their charity is a friend, foe, neighbor, or stranger. The person need only be measured by their situation and their need. Helping a starving child in an unfriendly part of the world is as virtuous as helping an accident victim by the side of the road. We don't consider the politics of the person in need as we humbly, and without fanfare, try to better their situation. Our measure of good is not who they are, but who we are. Our own self-love and self-absorbed attitude is an obstacle that often stands in our way of being a

I.R Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

I.R - Essay Example Feminism, on the other hand, is a very complicated political theory, a branch of Critical Social Theory, As per the neorealist theory, the chances of conflict give directions to actions while the post classical realism sponsors assessment of chances of confrontation on security issues among states. The three primary hypotheses of neorealist theory are: 1) recurrent equilibrium behavior, 2) states not coming forward for cooperative relations, and 3) states compete to remain on equal footing (Brooks 1997). Assuming worst-case chances of confrontations on the basis of neorealist theory provides benefits in approximating global decision taking. Actually, states are projected productively such way. So the assumptions on the behavior of states become useful in throwing light on swapping of various aspects of human nature, aggression and fear. States get focused to achieve their short-term goal of making their defense line strong. Disadvantage occurs in long term negative impacts on states’ other preferences. Long term goals become secondary to short term defense needs in a conflict (Brooks 1997). Neorealist theorists don’t give credence to the factors the liberal theorists perceive as impacting the probability of conflict. The postclassical realism is more akin to liberal theory in the sense that productive discussion can take place with liberal theorists. The main difference remains between the material and non-material factors (Brooks 1997). Liberal feminism is an ideology of egalitarianism. Since Plato so much has been written on the topic that it seems the relation of gender to politics is very complex. Feminism is against Rousseau’s masculine savage, unable to grasp abstract ideas. Both Rousseau and Freud have different opinions; Freud perceives women as â€Å"opposition to civilization† and all â€Å"civilization† is the work of

The human resources of a business Essay Example for Free

The human resources of a business Essay The human resources of a business must be run correctly for the business to be able to achieve its objectives. There are fair main areas of human resources management: planning, recruitment and selection training and development and performance management. To understand how these areas work and the role they hold within the business structure I have decided to research into the human resources within J.D Wetherspoon. I am going to look into their recruitment and selection section in detail. J.D Wetherspoon is a chain of public houses. The first one opened in 1979 by a 24 year old law student called Tim Martin. He opened his first pub in north London, which he named Wetherspoons, after he of his former school teacher. Tim wanted to run his pub differently from regular pubs, he offered a good range of beers, a music free environment, non- smoking area and all day food. According to Tim the pub was run very badly, in spite of his hard work. Although he was struggling he want to expand so in 1980 he obtained planning permission and a pub licence to convert a car showroom into a pub. From here on his success grew. He made his first in 1983 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½188,000! In 1996 Wetherspoons launched its first pub in Scotland. The Scots didnt enjoy Wetherspoons as they hated the lack of music and poor choice of beers and ales. Tim was aware of the change in tastes around the country so quickly changed so it would satisfy the Scots requirements. In 1998 Wetherspoon decided to open their first hotel in Shrewsbury. Two more have opened since then. By 2001 there were 500 Wetherspoons pubs around the UK, and 100 more opened in 2002. They have now announced plans to open another hundred pubs including pubs in Bath, Burnham, and Solihull; this would create 3,000 more jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has 11,200 either full or part-time employees, of which 220 are at the head office in Watford. Human Resources Management In recent years we have seen a transformation in the way companies started dealing with the people who were their employees. Instead of seeking to get the best out of people just for the sake of the business, e.g. to help the company achieve its objectives. The human resources method is a radical change; they are able to achieve the companys objectives by supporting each employee to for fill their own personal needs. A second change in people management was in the 1990s when management began to release that it should not just be the personnel department of a business that deals with people work. Instead managers should be those that are responsible for recruitment, appraisal, selection and training of employees. A third change in people management was that HRM was given a great deal more status in the organisation. Instead of being something carried on at lower levels of the organisation, HRM is now recognised as a key strategic area of the organisation. Many organisations have moved away from personnel management t the new human resources management. Human resource planning Human resources involve recruiting the right people who then met the goals set by the company. In order for these goals to be met successfully, this process should be run productively, insuring the right people for the job are hired and their skills are used correctly. Any problem would need to be identified and solved quickly and accurately. The way this works can be shown though supply and demand. The demand side The demand for labour will depend on plan on plans of the organisation for the future. J.D Wetherspoon is an organisation that continues to grow rapidly, planning to open another hundred public houses around the UK bringing them to a total of 700. When plans such as this are to take place, it is needed to recruit a great many more employees. A demand forecast needs to be made. One way to do this with the use of work studies. Work-study knows how long various jobs take and can calculate the number of employees needed and the hours they will need to work. This technique is used mainly within manufacturing companies who will need to produce a set amount of products in a given amount of time. J.D Wetherspoons would use a different techniques; management estimates. This involves looking at past employment records and estimating how many staff would be needed in future plans. The amount of staff would depend on many factors: * Size of the establishment * Amount of customers expected * Location * Number of hours worked The forecast would also need to include how many people would need to be employed at each stage of the hierarchy. Current employees through promotions or placements would fill the majority of managerial jobs. J.D Wetherspoons has estimated that their 100 pubs would create an extra 3,000 jobs. The supply side The supply of employees can come from two different places: with the business, internally or externally. Taking employees from internal sources has befits, employees already know and understand how the business runs and operates and where it is heading. There is usually development needed in the employee, so it is important that the right person is chosen to keep costs down. All the pubs within J.D Wetherspoons chain are run in the same way. This means that a member of staff has been trained they would have the right skills to work in any Wetherspoons. Or if for any reason they needed to be transferred from one pub to another, no extra training would be needed. Bar and kitchen staff in J.D Wetherspoons need to hold certain skills e.g. politeness and respect. Thoughs sort of skills are expected of staff through-out the Wetherspoons chain, man skills such as these are seen as part of a persons personality in a sense. Most of the people who work within J.D Wetherspoons are temporary, part-time employees. Students often work in such pubs to earn some extra cash; they dont see it as a career and they are unlikely to work there for long. The type of skills that they have gained while working at Wetherspoons would make them an internal asset but also an external asset to other, rival establishments. It is important for all organisations to understand why an individual wants to work for them. This way they can be trained to the appropriate level and the business can plan ahead. All employers need to know; how many people work for them at each level, how long they plan to stay in the job, their aspirations for the job and their age. This way there can always be employees who have worked there for a while and understand how the business works. If there were too many older people in employment they would all reach retirement at the same time, leaving big gaps in the structure. Younger people tend to only have jobs as a way to gain money whilst studying. Because younger people dont stay in a job for long they damage the amount of promotions that can occur. J.D Wetherspoon has to get their staff turnover right, if too many people are leaving it will cost the company more in recruiting and training. These costs are unnecessary and can be avoided if the right people are employed to star t of with. There are two ways to measure labour turn over: Employee wastage rate It is possible to calculate the number of staff leaving a business as a percentage of those who could have left. To find the wastage rate the number of staff leaving in a time period is divided by the average number of staff employed in time period and that is then multiplied by 100 to equal a percentage. This simple equation shows this: Wastage rate = number of staff leaving in a time period x 100 Average number of staff employed in time period For example, if Wetherspoons employed 100 people but found that 25 left during the year the wastage rate would be: 25 x 100 = 25% 100 This would then help them to predict future wastage rates. They are planning to recruit 3,000 people in the next year and would expect a waste rate of 25% according to this example, meaning that 750 people would leave. This is a large figure so HMR would have to look into of they are employing the right people as recruiting more people is wasting time and money. Labour stability rate This looks at those who have left after working there for some time. The stability rate is measured by dividing the amount of people who have left with more than one years service by the number employed one year ago. Then multiplying this by 100 to make a percentage. Stability index = number of staff leaving with more than one years service x 100 Number employed one year ago This method helps businesses to understand and predict what will happen within their own workforce. It also enables an organisation to make the most of the skill and potential already present within the organisation. For example if Wetherspoons had 88 employees who had been with the company for over one year and during the year 22 employees left, the labour stability index would be: 22 x100 = 25% 88 The external labour market The external labour market is more of an irregular environment. It is made up of potential employees, locally, regionally or nationally; whom have the skills and experience required at a particular time. J.D Wetherspoons is located all over the UK, both national and local labour markets are important. There are a range of factors that effect the size and nature of these labour markets such as: Trends in the size/characteristics of the working population The UK has an ageing population. There are fewer school leavers and young workers available for employment. Businesses therefore may need to employee older people to meet their human resource requirements. Competition for labour When there is a demand for employees with certain skills, companies will be at competition with other firms who are looking for the same skills. For example ten years ago everyone wanted to employee those with I.T skills. The overall level economic activity The demand for goods and services in the economy and hence, for employed is determined by whether the economy is at a boom or recession. In a period of boom generally people will have more money to spend and therefore the demand for goods and services will rise. This therefore would lead to company increasing output and the demand for labour will also increase. Education and training opportunities Over recent years many people have decided to either continue into higher education or return to it. This has put a strain on many businesses as it has limited the amount of people that are available to work full time for tem. For J.D Wetherspoons it can be viewed as an advantage. There are more people willing to work part-time in an easy, uncomplicated environment that allows flexible hours. Plus there are also more people who have completed degrees and gained higher qualifications allowing them to enter the hierarchy at a managerial level, this would cut down on costs of training managers. The effect of government policies The government tries to entice employers to train people by reducing the cost of labour and increasing the proposal of HRM. They have introduced new qualifications, NVQs and AVCEs as an attempt of increasing the quantity of those who hold the right skills for the real world. They have also planned ahead in preparing school children for the world of work by changing the curriculum, stressing an importance on numeracy, literacy and ICT. On this graph the S1 represents the current labour supply situation, in a few years when al of those in education have left the supply of labour will be greater, represented by S2. As the supply is greater the demand (D) will be less and employers will be able to lower salaries, reducing costs. Salaries have to be monitored to check people are being fairly treated. The government may decide to increase the minimum wage. If the minimum amount a person can earn increases the supply will decrease, as many employees. The green line shows this and how the demand for labour would rise. Wage Level S1 S2 D Quantity of Labour Labour markets For all businesses they must also identify and understand the characteristics of their local employment market. Information can be gained from local employment offices or job agencies. I found these examples on the Internet. This first one is average gross weekly pay, by area this is useful to Wetherspoons as it gives them actual government statistics of how much the average wage is in certain areas. It splits it into different areas because the pay is obviously not the same throughout the country. For example London has the highest paid people mainly because it is so expensive to live in London. This graph doesnt look at London, as it is only pacific for the Southwest region. For Wetherspoons to look at this before setting a wage is useful as it will set out an average wage so they dont set theirs far too high or far too low. This would attract either too many people to apply for a certain job or no one would apply. Under the average gross weekly pay by area, is the average gross weekly pay by occupation. This is also very useful as Wetherspoons can look at this and cross-reference it with the pay by area to see how much they should be paying their employees. As you can see the information from this could come in very useful to a business such as Wetherspoons when having to recruit new employees. As they would need to know the wage rates and income level of the area in which their pub or hotel is located, this will then allow them to set the right salary and attract the type of people they want. By observing local unemployment levels companies are able to judge whether it would easy or not to employ enough people in new businesses. This is something J.D Whetherspoons would have to consider when planning the new pubs they want to open. Local employment trends can radically change in a short space of time. Large companies may be forced to close or make large numbers of employees redundant, creating huge unemployment figures, a benefit to many others. I was able to gather some secondary information from labour market review, which covered the whole of the UK but also highlighted the Southwest area. This means that if Wetherspoons was to use this information to see how employment patterns and average wages were different throughout the country. This data can greatly the recruitment process. Within all local areas there will be times when a new skill is needed in the workplace and the demand for these skills will rapidly grow, faster than the supply. This can produce many problems and companies would be forced to raise wages in an attempt to beat competitors in recruiting those that have the same scarce skill. When shortages like this appear employers often start to recruit those from further a field, nationally and sometimes internationally. Without this valuable data the J.D Wetherspoons chain could find themselves falling behind the rest of the market. This data can be used to identify if their business is operating at the same level as the rest of the country. If this is not taken into account then they could find themselves loosing employees through poor wages or even not looking for the right employees in the right areas. For HRM to be efficient a business must have the right amount of employees performing the right jobs at the right time. Therefore it is important that employers and the HRM team know if an employee is not at work and their reason why. A notified absence is when the employee knows in advance that they will not be able to attend work and inform their superior. If the employer were ill they would be entitled to any sickness benefit a doctors note would be requested. Unauthorised absence are those that need to be monitored closely. When an employee simply doesnt show for their shift it lets the team down and can leave others in the lurch, plus the business would be less able to run efficiently. An accident rate is determined by the amount of accidents that have happened in the work place. All businesses have to have the equivalent of a health and safety committee. It is their job to * Investigate and report on all accidents * Construct safety rules * Oversee health and safety training * Uphold connections with health and safety bodies * Keep up to date with the relevant national statistics and reports * Recommend any updates the company may need * Advise on any approaching legislation and relevant publicity campaigns Human resources planning help to maintain a steady flow of new people into the organisation to cover any that maybe leaving. Planning also helps to organise training programmes so each member of staff has the right skills to for fill their specific job requirements. The level of skills in any organisation should rise each year effectively making the business as a whole consistently develops.

Professional Ethics in Construction Industry | Proposal

Professional Ethics in Construction Industry | Proposal Background In the complex and hectic world of work, it is becoming harder to live and work by values and behaviors based on integrity and principles. Pressures are placed upon professionals of the construction industry, where they do not always act the way they should, and matters are seldom black and white. Even though professionals are trying to the right thing most of the time, grey areas do exist. With ongoing ethical misconducts blasted daily in the media, especially within construction industry, construction players must acknowledge that the need for professional ethics is increasingly obvious. Negligence, conflict of interest, fraud, unfair conduct, confidentiality, bribery, and violation of environmental ethics are among the commonly unethical conducts in the construction industry. The practice of profession poses challenging ethical questions for which a working knowledge of ethics and professionalism is critical to the construction players. Professionals have the fundamental right to perform with responsibility and accountability in their line of work. Professional ethics should be driven by personal ethics, where a balance of both the requirements of the client and the impact on the society should be maintained by the professionals when making decisions. It has been suggested, however, that professionals in general tend to believe that their obligations to their client far outweigh their responsibility to others, such as the public (Johnson, 1991, p. 28). Problem Statement Construction players may refer to standards such as the professional code of ethics; however, the cases are not intended to provide absolute answers nor are they resolution, standard operating procedure, or policy for ethical problems. The purpose of a code of ethics or set of ethical principles is to define a standard of conduct that reflects the values of the organization or profession. They are designed to guide about ones personal reaction to ethical dilemmas. But when it comes to ethical dilemmas, construction players may not have the skills or competencies. Individual implicit ethical knowledge and practice need to be amplified into the profession, turning implicit ethical knowledge into explicit that leads towards the development of ethical professional ethics. However, it seems doubtful that professionals can always rely on own personal ethics as they find themselves working with diverse cultures, values and expectations. Professionals are often left to make tough decisions in the face of extremely chaotic and complicated ethical dilemmas. Scholarly publications have offered little help in terms of offering solutions to ethical dilemmas whereas practitioner publication have been ineffective for helping professionals reinforce their moral character. There will always be cases when professionals struggle between what they assume the profession expects and what the moral character tells. Even though majority of organization have their own ethical codes of conduct, the curbing of unethical conduct is difficult. Despite having professional code of ethics in the organization, professionals of the construction industry had directly or indirectly experiences some degree of unethical conduct. Aim Dignify and elevate the professional ethics among professionals in construction industry. Objectives To determine the factors affecting participants behaviours in professional ethics To identify the impacts of unethical behaviours on the project cost, safety and quality of work To evaluate the awareness on the importance of professional ethics in construction industry. Research Question What are the significant barriers that limit professional and ethical behavior? Why ethical issues occur in the construction industry practice? What should be done differently to improve professional and ethical behavior? How do ethical principles apply to the current construction industry? Scope of Research The scope of the research will be focus on assessing the professional ethics in construction industry. Prime attention is taken on the consultant firms at Klang Valley area only due to time and cost factor. The targeted respondents for this research will concentrate on the consultant quantity surveyors as observed from the working title, within the areas selected for the study. Research Methodology A literature review was undertaken to study the current issues of professional ethics in the construction industry, types of ethical misconducts and impacts of unethical conducts to the consultant quantity surveyors. Questionnaire survey will be directed towards consultant quantity surveyors concerning their views and experiences on a range of ethical issues surrounding construction industry activities. The survey will be conducted through postal mail and personal interviews. Case study of ethical issues in the construction industry will be set up. Significance of Implications of Study The outcomes of adhering to the professional ethics among professionals are highlighted in this research. These outcomes will be cornerstone for encouraging the professionals to comply with the principles of ethics, so that their works meet the clients expectations and that their obligations will be carried out in professional manner in the future. It is important for professionals to practice the knowledge of ethics using applicable codes or standards. The more the professionals practice their responses to ethical dilemmas, the more likely it is to make the right decision when the pressure is on. What is more, implementing the ethical conducts gain professionals significant credibility and respect from the clients and these professionals will win further in the long run. This study also suggests that professionals better understand why professional ethics is critical to be successful in the field. Corporate Social Responsibility: Marketing Strategy Corporate Social Responsibility: Marketing Strategy 1. INTRODUCTION Companies and their managers find themselves in an uncertain environment. This happens of the ever changing conditions that occur on the global economic market. Due to the changes and improvements of the new information and communication technologies, the companies and their managers find it harder and harder to reach an convince their clients or consumers. It is mandatory that these managers use all the potential promoting techniques in order to attract the consumers. It is no longer just about the usage of standard advertising techniques, the marketing specialists must take into account several other methods of advertising like online social networks, viral marketing, corporate social responsibility etc. In our paper we are underlining the importance of the Corporate Social Responsibility from the marketing point of view and especially of using this tool as a brand notoriety increasing factor. We live a world of continuous change, were mankinds influence on the environment is large r and larger. But Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not just about the environment like many people think. The organizations of the entire world become more and more preoccupied by the necessity and the benefits of a responsible approach to society. 2. THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has first appeared in business for the first time in the second part of the 18th Century in the USA as a form of philanthropy, or donating to organizations / individuals in need (Sethi, 1977, in Bronn and Vrioni, 2001). From a historical point of view, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has become an important field of study, associated with management, in the 1950s. One important aspect to this development of CSR, was presented by Frank Adams in 1951, when he wrote in a Harvard Business Review about the importance of good citizens that should become professionals of the top management level (Banerjee, 2007, p. 5). Other authors state that CSR is concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a socially responsible manner. Stakeholders exist both within a firm and outside. Consequently, behaving socially responsibly will increase the human development of stakeholders both within and outside the corporation. (Hopkins M. 1998) The performance of each organization, no matter its type (private, public, economical or NGO), is linked to the degree of development of their communities and in their social environment. Also the impact of such organizations on the environment has become an vital aspect which reflects the human interest for preserving the natural ecosystems and the pollution. This first aspect is joined by other elements of interests like: social equality and good governance. In 2001, the European Commission has defined CSR as: a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis (EU Commission, 2001) Over the years, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has become more present in the everyday life of corporations and even public administration institutions. There were numerous efforts to define this concept, but often no clear definition is given, making theoretical development and measurement difficult. Mallen Baker (2004) states that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development considers corporate Social Responsibility as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large (Baker, 2004). Also in 2001 (McWilliams and Siege, 2006), CSR is defined as: situations where the firm goes beyond compliance and engages in actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility usually refers to a couple of important elements like: (1) a collection of policies and practices linked to relationship with key stakeholders, values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities and the environment; (2) the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable development, commonly understood as sustainable development is the ability of the current generation to meet its needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs objectives. (ECRC, accessed in October 2012). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the way a corporation achieves a balance among its economic, social, and environmental responsibilities in its operations so as to address shareholder and other stakeholder expectations. It is known by many names, including corporate responsibility, corporate accountability, corporate ethics, corporate citizenship, sustainability, stewardship, and triple-E bottom line (economical, ethical, and environmental;) (. After a careful analysis of the above mentioned concepts we can underline several important aspects of the CSR concept: Companies and organizations in general must act responsibly with regard to their environment; The concept of corporate social responsibility must integrate social, environmental and education aspects in their day to day activities; The usage of corporate social responsibility in ones company must have a positive impact on the organization and on society; All the activities integrated in the CSR scope must have an ethical aspect which must not by crossed. Following the 2001, EU Commission definition, the European Commission has defined the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility as the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society (EU Commission, 2011). The same paper underline that enterprises should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical, human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders, with the aim of: (1) Maximizing the creation of shared value for their owners/shareholders and for their other stakeholders and society at large; (2) Identifying, preventing and mitigating their possible adverse impacts. 3. PRINCIPLES OF IMPLENETING A CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY FOR MARKETING PURPOSES In order to create a proper Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy, and to use this important tool in the marketing aspect of the organization, companies must adhere to several important principles that we consider to be of great importance of the companies (ISQ, 2012): Ethics and transparency accordance to the principles of ethics, honesty, mutual respect, trust between the parties, integrity and transparency in business, combat the traffic of influence, offering or receiving bribes and corruption in the public and private stakeholders and influence in this fight, as well how to promote fair trade practices. Fundamental Human Rights fully respect the protection of fundamental human rights based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and incorporating into their practices, the principles of fundamental United Nations and International Labor Organization Conventions. Recognize the right of all workers to form trade unions and representative bodies of workers and to comply with these organizations and respect the effective right to collective bargaining. Good governance Organizational commitment to the practices integrated into the social, environmental and economic leadership to the organization, seeking to reduce exposure to risks of economic, environmental and social activities, implementing requirements, standards and documents, to ensure its continuity. Dialogue with stakeholders Rely on dialogue as the only legitimate means of achieving persuasion, resolving disagreements and conflict resolution. Ensure an open, transparent and trust relation with the various stakeholders, establish channels of consultation with stakeholders and incorporate their concerns, and report a credible and objective performance in its economic, environmental and social. Value Creation Promote management of high quality products/services and processes by integrating environmental and social aspects in planning and decision making. Promote investment in research and development and incorporating innovation in your products/services and processes. Diversity and equality Respect and value differences as a fundamental condition for the existence of an ethical development of humanity and seek to encourage the promotion of cultural diversity, social and ethnic difference as a positive development of the organizations mission, not tolerating discrimination under any pretext. Environmental Protection and Management Promote projects, initiatives and good practices that contribute to the preservation of the environment. Investing in sustainable technologies and products and enhance the ecological dimension and eco-efficiency. Development of local communities Support initiatives to promote social, economic and cultural, based on transparent criteria for evaluation of relevance to the community. Promote the participation and involvement in volunteer work. Responsible Marketing Lead the marketing and communication policy of respect for truth, transparency, consistency and integrity of assertions, reflecting the organizations values. Encourage ethical and responsible behavior from the public to environmental, social and citizenship. 4. USING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MARKETING The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility as we can see it has a great impact on many of the organizations departments and functions. We can not discuss the concept of CSR without taking into consideration the environment, the ethical aspects of consumer communication, the implication in local community and many others. One of the most important aspects and activities that the Corporate Social Responsibility, is the promotion and advertising activities, that the companies undertake when developing CSR strategies and activities. Even when the company undertakes, environmental protection activities, charitable activities, the assurance of diversity and equality and the development of local communities the organizations use them as marketing and brand notoriety increasing agent. Corporate responsibility policies have been gaining increasing attention from senior executives as questions of sustainability and green agendas have come to permeate business the world over. The business and marketing environment have evolved greatly in the last 20 to 30 years. If we look back at the evolution of the economic world in the last century, we can clearly observe a clear development of this environment. Before we can start to understand the development of the corporate social responsibility as a marketing tool, we have to understand the evolution of the marketing concept in the last century. Philip Kotler has made a short presentation of the marketing concept evolution in his book Marketing 3.0 (2010): Evolution Marketing 1.0 product orientation Marketing 2.0 consumer orientation Marketing 3.0 value orientation Objective To sale goods To satisfy and keep clients To make the world a better place Potentiating factors Industrial revolution Information technology New technology wave The manner in which companies see the market Mass consumers with physical needs A smarter consumer A human being with heart and soul The marketing fundamental concept Product development Differentiation Values Marketing general directions for the company Product specification Company and product positioning The companies mission, vision and values Proposal value Functional Functional and emotional Functional, emotional and spiritual Interaction with the consumers Transaction between a company and several consumers An individualized relationship Cooperation between more companies and consumers Source: Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., Setiawan, I., Marketing 3.0 de la produs la consumator Ã…Å ¸i spiritul uman, Publica Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010, p. 20 As we can see for the above presented table, we find ourselves in the 3.0 marketing period which is considered to be the orientation of the entire marketing activity as an actor that create value for the consumer, the company and the society. So from what we can observe we can state that the two concepts have similar interests. Bur right now we find ourselves in the middle of an financial and economic crisis, this position has forced the companies to present themselves as trustworthy and responsible. The companies and their managers have pursued easy-win strategies or activities with direct commercial benefits, such as measuring and reducing their corporate carbon footprints. Such activities undoubtedly bring some value to businesses and society, but they fall far short of the mark (Bhattacharya, 2011). What we are slowly starting to see is a second wave of corporate responsibility behavior marked by a clearer focus on the total business value such policies can bring. To fully benefit from corporate responsibility, businesses must wake up to the fact that they need to take a more indirect route to creating value with it. They must start by seeing where and how key stakeholders react to a firms corporate responsibility initiatives. In order to have a successful marketing campaign using CSR strategies and activities there are several steps that have to be taken into consideration (Yohannan, 2012): Start Inside: Internal education and engagement is essential for the success of any CSR commitment and campaign. Defining CSR must work for the internal stakeholders based on the reality of business practices, their propensity for risk and desire for leadership. Brand or Bust: Branding provides a way to tie disparate assets together and provides a framework for key audiences such as employees to contribute and share the companys story. Industry Matters: Understanding the material issues of the company are critical. While many companies focus on environment, philanthropy and diversity and inclusion, they may be missing compliance issues or areas that may lead to brand differentiation or leadership. Efficiently Influence: Focusing on a handful of sustainability or key opinion leaders in the social space can elevate your companys profile dramatically. Gaining CSR notoriety can provide a halo for an improved reputation and drive core business objectives such as license to operate and sales. Measure Relentlessly: Know the end game. While CSR is a journey, it must deliver a spectrum of results every step of the way. Understand the urgency in the business and customize your marketing by audience and channel. Of course there are several advantages for using corporate social responsibility as a marketing tool. Among the most important ones we must consider the following ones (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2007): (1) Enhanced reputation and brand image Reputation is an important sustainable competitive advantage, because it is very hard to build and cannot be easily mimicked by competitors. A organisations reputation results from trust by its stakeholders. A strong reputation in ethical environmental and social responsibility can help a organisation build this trust; (2) Increased profit and customer loyalty Research has shown that there is a growing desire by consumers not only to buy good and safe products, but they also want to know that what they buy was produced in a socially and environmentally responsible way such as sweatshop-free and child-labor-free clothing, smaller environmental impact; (3) Creating new business opportunities Experience gained through addressing CSR challe nges also provides opportunities for organizations to create new business opportunities. (4) Increased ability to attract and retain employees A organizations dedication to CSR can be an important aid to recruitment and retention compared with competitors. People want to work for a organization that is in accordance with their own values and beliefs; (5) Increased productivity and morale Committing CSR internally to improve working conditions, lessen environmental impacts can lead to increased productivity and staff morale where the workforce are more reliable, enthusiastic and efficient. (5) Innovation in market through cooperation with local communities CSR requires cooperation with the local communities and relationships can be improved. This can help organisations in tailoring products and services as well as more rapid acceptance to local markets. 5. CONCLUSIONS The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is in the same time a new and a old one. As we were able to see, CSR has developed in practice since the late 1800 as philanthropic activities. But today, this concept has evolved to take into account several other aspects like: (1) environmental protection; (2) implication in local communities; (3) involvement in social, educational activities and (4) internal and external business environment. In order for the managers and their companies to bee successful in their marketing campaigns they must use CSR as a marketing tool following and being aware of several important principles: Ethics and transparency; Fundamental Human Rights; Good governance; Dialogue with stakeholders; Value Creation; Environmental Protection and Management; Development of local communities; Responsible Marketing. Using all these principles and a responsible CSR activity towards society, the consumer and ethics in general, the companies will have successful market ing and profitable activities. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles: Model of Chemical Cycling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles: Model of Chemical Cycling The general model of nutrient cycling shows the main reservoirs relating to both the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Most nutrients accumulate in four reservoirs, each of which is defined by two attributes: whether it contains organic or inorganic matter and whether or not the matter is directly accessible for use by organisms. One section of organic materials is comprised of the living organisms themselves and detritus; these nutrients are available to other organisms when consumers feed and when detritivores (decomposers) consume non-living organic matter. The second organic section includes fossilised deposits of once-living organisms (i.e. fossil fuels, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas and peat), from which nutrients cannot be assimilated directly. Material moved from the living organic section to the fossilised organic compartment long ago, when organisms died and were buried by sedimentation over millions of years to become coal, oil, natural gas or peat. The Carbon Cycle. Biologically the transfer of carbon between living organisms and the non-living environment is The Carbon Cycle. In the atmosphere, carbon is covalently bonded to oxygen to form a gas; carbon dioxide (CO2). As a result of the process of photosynthesis (powered by light energy, usually from the Sun), CO2 is extracted from the atmosphere to make plant food from carbon. The process is called fixation; the integration of CO2 into the molecules of organisms. The majority of CO2 fixation is accomplished by photosynthesis, in which photosynthetic organisms form carbohydrates from CO2 and water (H2O), using light energy to drive the biochemical reactions involved. Photosynthetic organisms make use of carbohydrates to manufacture other organic molecules that make up their cells, e.g. cellulose, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Inorganic CO2 in the atmosphere is converted by photosynthetic organisms via the process of photosynthesis into simple carbohydrates. Carbon dioxide+water(+ light energy)glucose+oxygen 6CO2+6H2O(+ light energy)C6H12O6+6O2 Herbivores and omnivores obtain carbohydrates and other more complex substances by consuming photosynthetic organisms and metabolise (chemically break down) the carbohydrates and complex substances into useful constituents for their own bodies/cells/molecules. Carnivores obtain these useful substances by eating herbivores/omnivores. Carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere when organisms undergo the process of cellular respiration; small amounts of CO2 are released into the air by the decomposition of dead organisms by the action of certain bacteria and fungi (detritivores): the majority of this CO2 returns to the atmosphere to be available for re-use in further photosynthesis. Carbon-containing substances from photosynthetic organisms are required by animals and some microorganisms in order to produce energy and as a source of materials to drive many of their own biochemical reactions; this is essential to such organisms. Glucose+oxygenCarbon dioxide+water+ Energy (ATP + heat) C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+ Energy (ATP + heat) The reciprocal processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are responsible for the major transformations and movements of carbon. On a global scale, the return of CO2 to the atmosphere by respiration is closely balanced by its removal by photosynthesis. However, the burning of wood and fossil fuels adds more CO2 to the atmosphere; as a result, the amount of atmospheric CO2 is steadily increasing. Humans have an impact on the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere with the use and burning of fossil fuels; these actions also release CO2 into the atmosphere. Not all carbon-based matter is immediately decomposed. Under certain conditions dead organic matter accumulates more rapidly than it is decomposed within an ecosystem. The remnants are locked away in subterranean deposits. Fossil fuels will be formed when deposits of sediment compress this matter; this process takes many millennia. Continuing geological processes may expose the carbon in these fuels to the environment after an extensive period of time, but mostly the carbon within the fossil fuels is liberated during human activities, e.g. use of fossil fuels for combustion. Carbon, in the form of CO2, is the major greenhouse gas released to the environment/atmosphere as a consequence of human activities. The continuing discharge of greenhouse gases (CO2 is just one greenhouse gas) is causing the temperature of the earth to rise, disrupting the climate and affecting sea-levels. Sometime around the middle of the 18th century the industrial revolution began. Since then the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by approximately 40% and will carry on increasing unless society reduces or eliminates the consumption of fossil fuels. The exploitation of fossil fuels for energy has resulted in the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Additionally over 30% of the CO2 rise over the last 150 years came from transformations in land use. These include deforestation and the cultivation of land for food production. The primary source of carbon/CO2 emissions from the Earth is as a result of tectonic or volcanic activity. Much of the CO2 released as a result of tectonic or volcanic activity is derived from the subduction of rocks including carbonate rocks. Much of the overall released CO2 was trapped when the Earth formed. Some discharged carbon remains as CO2 in the atmosphere; some is dissolved in the oceans; some is incorporated into organic molecules in living or dead/decomposing organisms, and some is trapped in carbonate rocks. Carbon is removed into long-term storage by burial of sedimentary strata (e.g. coal), that store organic carbon from un-decayed biomass and carbonate rocks e.g. limestone (calcium carbonate). The processes of tectonic movement and subduction release some of the CO2 through vents such as volcanoes (above and below ocean surfaces). The Nitrogen Cycle Although Earth’s atmosphere is almost 80% nitrogen, it is mostly in the form of nitrogen gas (N2), which is unavailable to plants and hence to consumers of plants. Green plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrates dissolved in the soil water. They use these nitrates to make proteins or nucleic acids; these proteins or nucleic acids are passed along the food chain as herbivores eat plants and are then themselves eaten by carnivores. In this way the nitrogen taken from the soil becomes incorporated into the bodies of all types of living organisms. The nitrates are returned to the soil in a number of ways. Urine contains urea, a breakdown product of proteins, and proteins are also passed out in the faeces, so the waste passed out of animals bodies contains many nitrogen-rich compounds. Similarly, when animals and plants die their bodies contain a large proportion of protein. Some of the detritivores that break down the waste products from animals and the bodies of animals and plants specifically digest the proteins. As detritivores break down the protein they excrete ammonium compounds. These ammonium compounds are then digested by nitrifying bacteria which excrete nitrates, which are returned to the soil to be absorbed by plants again. By the time the microbes and other animals that feed on decaying organic material (detritus feeders) have decomposed the waste products and the dead bodies of organisms in ecosystems, all the energy originally captured by the green plants in photosynthesis has been transferred to other organisms or back into the environment itself as heat or mineral compounds. A natural pathway for nitrogen to enter ecosystems is via nitrogen fixation. Only certain organisms (prokaryotes) can fix nitrogen, i.e. convert N2 to molecules that can be used to synthesise nitrogenous organic compounds e.g. amino acids. Prokaryotes are vital links at several points in the nitrogen cycle (see picture on next page). In terrestrial ecosystems nitrogen is fixed by free-living (non-symbiotic) soil bacteria as well as by symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium) in the root nodules (also called nitrogen nodules) of legumes and certain other plants. Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems. Organisms that fix nitrogen are fulfilling their own metabolic requirements, but the excess ammonia (NH3) they release becomes available to other organisms. A major contribution in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to the pool of nitrogenous minerals is the industrial fixation of nitrogen for fertiliser: this is in addition to the natural sources of usable nitrogen. The direct result of nitrogen fixation is ammonia (NH3). Since NH3 is a gas, it can evaporate back to the atmosphere. This local recycling of nitrogen by atmospheric deposition can be especially pronounced in agricultural areas where both nitrogen fertilisers and lime (a base that decreases soil acidity) are used extensively. Although plants can use ammonium (NH4+) directly, most of the ammonium in soil is utilised by particular aerobic bacteria as a source of energy; their activity oxidises ammonium to nitrite (NO2) and then to nitrate (NO3); the nitrification process. Nitrate released from these bacteria can then be assimilated by plants and converted to organic molecules e.g. amino acids and proteins. Animals can assimilate only organic nitrogen, and they do this by eating plants or other animals. Some bacteria utilise nitrates, under anaerobic conditions, to obtain the oxygen they need for metabolism from rather than from O2. As a consequence of the denitrification process, some nitrate is converted back to N2, returning to the atmosphere. The process called ammonification, mainly carried out by bacterial and fungal decomposers, is the decomposition of organic nitrogen back to ammonium: this process recycles large amounts of nitrogen to the soil. Overall, most of the nitrogen cycling in natural systems involves the nitrogenous compounds in soil and water, not atmospheric N2. Although nitrogen fixation is important in the build-up of a pool of available nitrogen, it contributes only a tiny fraction of the nitrogen assimilated annually by total vegetation. Nevertheless, many common species of plants depend on their association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to provide this essential nutrient in a form they can assimilate. The amount of N2 returned to the atmosphere by denitrification is also relatively small. The important point is that although nitrogen exchanges between soil and atmosphere are significant over the long term, in most ecosystems the majority of nitrogen is recycled locally by decomposition and re-assimilation.

Analysis of Debating Democracys The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier? :: Democracy Debates Media Essays

Analysis of Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?" Jarol Manheim and Douglas Rushkoff present opposing views of the media. Both authors raise the questions of what the media represents and what messages the media tries to send to the public. Is the media's coverage of events just for entertainment value or do the reports have political content and value? Are the viewers capable of distinguishing between the media's glitz and the real facts? Do different sources of the media system actually portray different views and stories? A key question is how typical objective reporting is. If the knowledge can easily be obtained elsewhere, it is possible to conclude with pluralists that citizens have the tools to govern themselves more or less democratically. If, on the other hand, there are serious shortcomings, one might agree with the power elite camp that the people, because they have insufficient meaningful information, wield less power than they could and should.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Manheim claims that the media is not as diverse as it claims to be. He states, Though for competitive purposes they might have us believe otherwise, most American news organizations have a great deal in common with one another . . . they define news itself in essentially the same terms. (Manheim, 1991) He argues that the media entertains the viewers rather than giving them information that is relevant and socially important. Manheim's view about what the mass media system actually does to the news is similar to what W. Lance Bennett lists as the four main media biases: fragmentation, normalization, personalization and dramatization (Bennett, 1996). These biases are described by Manheim as the media system "[rendering] the content of the news less burdensome by packaging it more attractively" (Manheim, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to Manheim's views, Rushkoff looks at how the viewers are able to use and understand the media's messages. Rather than viewing the media as a mass system composed of the elite who view the public as a commodity, Rushkoff believes that the people strive to shape and understand the world through the messages the media portrays. Furthermore, he claims that the media is merely a reflection of the society that the viewers themselves have created. The viewers have the ability to choose which medium of media they will use (Internet, network, newspaper, etc.). Rushkoff says that the news has now become "interactive" and the people (particularly those under forty) have come to understand the media's symbols better (Rushkoff, 1994).

business :: essays research papers

CNN/MoneyWeb Home Markets & Stocks ADRs AM Market Call Bonds & Rates Commodities Currencies Dow 30 Earnings Earnings Warnings Hot Stocks Investor Research Center IPO Center Most Active Stocks PM Market Call U.S. Stocks Wall Street Research Widely Helds World Markets Track Your Stocks Real Time Quotes Company News Economy World Biz Technology Commentary Personal Finance Mutual Funds Money Magazine Money 101 Portfolio Calculators Real-time Quotes CNN/Money Email newsletters Mobile news Money archives Buy story reprints CNNfn on TV | Web video Buy show videos SPECIAL OFFER --AAABAEAKALAPARASAZBCCACOCTDCDEFLGAHIIAIDILINKSKYLAMAMBMDMEMIMNMOMPMSMTNBNCNDNENFNHNJNMNVNSNTNYONOHOKORPAPEPRQCRISCSDSKTNTXUTVAVIVTWAWIWVWYYT Please do not contact me via e-mail with offers from Time Inc, and CNN/Money Get 11 more issues, totaling 12 for $19.95, if you like MONEY. Or cancel and owe nothing MONEY is published monthly, except for two issues combined periodically into one and occasional extra, expanded, or premium issues. Combined, expanded, and premium issues count as two subscription issues. Rate good in U.S. only. In Canada, 12 issues/$37.00, not including GST, HST, and QST. Subscribers: If the Post Office alerts us that your magazine is undeliverable, we have no further obligation unless we receive a corrected address within two years. To read our Privacy Policy, go to http://money.cnn.com/services/privacy/ I agree to the offer details above. 12 issues for $19.95. Privacy Policy Markets & Stocks Stocks rally on optimism Investors encouraged by some positive earnings reports as economy at home takes center stage. April 14, 2003: 1:38 PM EDT By Meghan Collins and Malina Poshtova Zang, CNN/Money Staff Writers NEW YORK (CNN/Money) - Stocks rallied into early afternoon trading Monday as investors saw some hope for corporate growth and the economy after a few positive profit reports. Shortly after 1:30 a.m. ET the Dow Jones industrial average (up 105.32 to 8308.73, Charts), the Nasdaq composite (up 19.98 to 1378.83, Charts) and the S&P 500 index (up 11.60 to 879.90, Charts) all rallied to gains of more than 1 percent. Only two of the 30 Dow stocks traded lower. "I think there's a little bit of optimism here today -- you can take one eye off Iraq and start to focus more on the economy and earnings," said James Park, senior trader at Brean Murray & Co. With the war in Iraq de facto over, investors increasingly shifted their focus to matters at home, top of which were the state of the U.S. economy and corporate bottom lines. This week marks the first of the two biggest weeks for posting first-quarter results -- and the first earnings news that came Monday appeared encouraging.

Where does the order Lie :: essays research papers

Where does the Order Lie? The social and political orders of William Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and Merchant of Venice vary, but still exhibit firm criticisms of the role of government within society. The conclusions of both of these plays return to their original order and the characters are resolved in their own ways. Measure for Measure gives the most demanding criticism of the role of political order out of most of Shakespeare’s plays. Through the actions of the Duke and Angelo, Shakespeare reveals the two distinct sides to patriarchal political order, punishment and forgiveness. Merchant of Venice shows the social order by the conflict that occurs between Shylock and Antonio. Through their conflict and eventual resolve, Shakespeare once again reveals his own personal criticisms of the justice system and a skewed image of the middle-class social order. Both of these plays represent different orders within society and also exhibit changes within them as the play progresses. The transfo rmation and the eventual restoration of political and social order in these two Shakespeare plays provide certain similar criticisms about the role that order plays within the confines of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The political order in Measure for Measure is a strong, yet unstable patriarchy led by the Duke. The Duke orders Antonio to take his place and carry out Vienna’s â€Å"strict statutes and most biting laws† (1.1.19). These â€Å"strict statutes† and â€Å"laws† were obviously not carried out in the time of the Duke’s patriarchal reign over the city of Vienna. The Duke’s city is falling apart and is filled with sin and lechery. He gives his powers to Angelo, and according to the Duke, â€Å"Lent him our terror, dressed him with our love,† (1.1.20), signifying that there is only two ways to restore order, through passive forgiveness, or harsh punishment. These two very important aspects of the play are the essence of a patriarchal society in which Shakespeare criticizes throughout the play. Angelo represents the patriarchal order, and when he needed to he passed his power down to his deputy, which signifies a change in the political order in the play. By the conclusion of the play, the patriarch returns and everything returns back to the way it was at the beginning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original order in the beginning of Merchant of Venice lies within the conflict of the two characters, Shylock and Antonio. These two represent the social order that Shakespeare is criticizing throughout the play.

Crime and Hurricane Katrina Essay

Hurricane Katrina caused many forms of distress, displacement and disruption to the community of New Orleans and the citizens most certainly were forced to act in drastic ways for survival. The response by the people has been considered forms of criminal activity and in all senses of legal activity has been defined as crime. Acts of looting and violence were reported by many reporters of various news media. Crimes were not only committed by everyday citizens of New Orleans, but volunteer workers as well and even, what people saw as the most shocking display of violence and betrayal of trust, by the Law Enforcement Officials as well. What is also interesting is how this destructive event altered the residents’ perception of what is crime and what can be considered criminal. What was once considered to be a betrayal of trust towards another member of the community had been transformed into an activity that was now a means of survival. Some of the acts varied from a â€Å"need† to steal because they â€Å"had to† (i. e. , stealing from Bath and Body works for soap, supermarkets for food, water, clothes, etc. ) and then increasing to other side of the spectrum to murder of strangers, friends, and even family. Hurricane Katrina caused a massive social disruption to the people of New Orleans and this catastrophic event would eventually lead to their breakdown of societal rules and values. And it is this breakdown that would not be lost to the eyes of the news media and would be broadcast everywhere, all across the world (of Katrina, apocalypse 2005). The New York Times gave many accounts of the violence, destructive and slide into anarchy that was happening in New Orleans. One article, published September 29th, 2005, After Katrina, crimes of the imagination, detailed the mass amount of looting and violent crimes in the area. The article details the fears and horrors of becoming a broken society and living in fear of your once loved neighbor. Another thing this article seemed to touch on was that it was possible that fear was actually caused by a trick of the mind. â€Å"†¦Some, but not all, of the most alarming stories were figments of frighten imaginations, the product of no reliable communications, and perhaps the residue of raw relations between some police officers and members of the public. † Speaking of the â€Å"raw relations between some police officers and members of the public,† these supposed raw relations were only further hurt and ripped apart by actions made by the police department themselves. Five police officers were accused and convicted (six years later) of shooting and killing defenseless citizens attempting to cross a bridge in search of food, water and shelter. These same officers along with the help of their department attempted a brilliantly mastermind plot to cover up their crime. This included â€Å"made-up witnesses, falsified reports, and a planted gun† to prove that they were under fire by the citizens and were only trying to protect themselves. This news article Jury Reaches Guilty Verdict in Hurricane Katrina Shootings Trial by Fox News shows the corruption and hidden brutality of the law enforcement department of New Orleans. In association with police corruption and brutality, there was a similar crime committed by five different police officers a mere two days before the crime previously mentioned. An injured 31 year old male was taken to the temporary headquarters of police by his friends in search of help. The officer drove off with the car with the injured male still in the back seat and his remains were found in the torched car. The implicated officer, for shooting the injured male and attempting to cover up by burning the car with the body still inside (oddly enough) was charged with a civil rights violation and the remaining four were charged with obstruction of justice. This just yet another article (5 cops charged in post-Hurricane Katrina shooting, burning death) found in the Daily News archives describing the corruption and brutality of law enforcement in the face of disaster. However the actual brutality of the police system is not entirely at fault on its own. In a New York Times article: More Horrible Than Truth: News Reports published September 19th 2005, described of the crimes of the people against each and against law enforcement. There were gangs shooting at rescue crews, emergency room physicians were being confirming the rising amount of murders and rapes, and there were eye witness accounts of police officers being shot at while trying to help out a group of helpless victims. While there is no excusing the horrible brutalization by the police department, it is clear to see that all of it is not always unprovoked. There have also been many other forms of crime in the wake of Hurricane Katrina that do not involve looting and murder. There have also been crimes by the state and government which have affected the residents of New Orleans. In Time Runs Out for St. Bernard Parish, an editorial in The New York Times, the housing and racial discrimination was brought to light. The parish was banning anyone who was not a â€Å"blood relative† from seeking shelter at the parish. Since being in a predominantly white neighborhood this was implied to many any people of color was banned from the church. There were also crimes against the government through insurance fraud and lawsuits. Insurance companies were defrauding their clients (Attorneys arrive for opening of first Katrina insurance lawsuit, 2006) and then also evacuees of New Orleans were attempting to fraud insurance money away from FEMA and FBI grants (Katrina: Four Years Later, 2009). The aftermath of Katrina was no match for the crime that occurred during and after it. The crime destroyed the faith and rationality of the people which prolonged and deepened the chaos of New Orleans. The news media as always played a big role in the hype of the crime wave but without the media the true seriousness of the crime would have never been investigated and given proper consideration to improve.