When is war justified

To fght back out of self- defense is Just and must be done in order to protect one's nation from harm. A well- known example is when America was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor. America responded to this attack by bombing Japan and putting an end to this engagement. If America had not responded in this way, then how many more casualties would they have suffered? America's act of self-defense revealed to Japan that they don't want to engage in a war with America and in effect caused Japan to retreat and make peace with America. Humanitarian wars are not Justified because a nation is fighting out of political justice rather than self-defense.The general hope of a nation fighting a humanitarian war is that the death and destruction inflicted by the war will be less than the death and destruction from not going to war. However, humanitarian wars usually cause lots of death and destruction which ultimately causes a nation to look back at themself and wonder, â€Å"Was it worth all the lives we lost in battle? † The Vietnam War is a common reminder of a Humanitarian War that caused many eople to look back and wonder if it was worth it. Imagine if you were chosen to fight in the Vietnam War.The thought of losing your life in a war that was fought out of national liberation would be terrifying to most. In the book, The Things They Carried, the chapter â€Å"On the Rainy River† is the perfect examination of a young man who has been drafted to fght in a war that has no clear explanation. The young man wonders how a nation can go to war and sacrifice lives without any undeniable Just cause. The young man, Tim O'Brien, thinks aloud to himself and says, â€Å"It seemed to me that when nation goes to war it must have reasonable confidence in the Justice and imperative of its cause.You can't fix your mistakes. Once people are dead, you cant make them undead. † We all know that hundreds of thousands of American soldiers lost their lives in the Vietnam Wa r, but for what cause? The loss of their lives cannot be justified undeniably, therefore proving the point that Humanitarian Wars are unjust. Throughout history it is clear that the loss of lives in a war is inevitable, but the sacrifice ot lives in a war that is tougnt to protect the nation is always Justified when e look back at it while the same cannot be said of Humanitarian Wars.Jake Petroff reviewed my original essay and provided me lots of feedback that aided me in creating my final draft. He told me that I needed to provide more evidence to back up my argument and I did by providing texts from various pieces of literature. Jake also enhanced my knowledge of the Vietnam War by telling me facts about the war that I didn't know prior to my conversation with him. Thanks to Jake's feedback, I have been able to further my essay and create my final draft.

Fart

During the Harlem Renaissance white art enthusiast aided the development of black artist, by funding these artists. The Blues I’m Playing by Langston Hughes is a short story where a young African American pianist, Oceola Jones, who studies music under the patronage of Dora Ellsworth. Dora is a wealthy, white middle aged, widow with no children. Langston Hughes uses this connection between these characters to express the meaning of the blues. The meaning blues isn’t very clear until the very end of the story, when Oceola and Ms.Ellsworth had their fallout. Ms. Ellsworth is very upset when she learns that Oceola wants to marry Pete Williams. Dora believes that marriage will burden her protegee talents. â€Å"He’ll take all the music out of you† (pg 475). Oceola is playing the piano one last time for Ms. Ellsworth before she leaves to Europe. They begin to argue while Oceola is playing one of Beethoven sonatas. As they continue to argue Osceola’s chang e the style of playing to the Negro Blues. As Osceola plays on Dora ask â€Å"Is this what I spent thousands of dollars to teach you? (pg 475) Oceola replies â€Å"No, this is mine†¦ Listen. †(pg 475) Oceola’s blues began to flourish. Blues that Oceola plays only comes in a time of distress. The fight between Oceola and Ms. Ellsworth force the blues out of Oceola. The Blues in this story represents Oceola real feeling about love, music and art. According to Ralph Ellison â€Å"the blues is an impulse to keep painful details and episodes of a brutal existence alive in one’s aching consciousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This definition and Langston Hughes’s interpretation of Blues seem to not conform to each other.Ellison is saying that the artist of the blues has to have a hardship in their past to express it in the blues. In Hughes’s story Oceola really never had anything in her past that made express the blues like she did. It was more that she couldn ’t outlet her frustration of Ms. Ellsworth and her feeling of art to anyone. Oceola bottle up the feeling and lashed out at the end to Ms. Ellsworth in a blues song. Ellison’s and Hughes’s definitions are both good interpretation of what the blues are. By combining Ellison’s and Hughes’s interpretation we have a clear definition of what the blues really are.The Blues is a kind of jazz  that evolved from the music of African-Americans, especially work songs and spirituals. Blues pieces often express worry or depression. The songs help keep remembrance of past hardship experienced and help cope with future problem that may come. The patronage of whites helped the African American art and music explode during the Harlem Renaissance. Langston Hughes uses the connection between Oceola and Ms. Ellsworth to express his interpretation of the Blues. Hughes’s and Ellison’s definitions help explain what the blues actually are.

Aung Sang Suu Kyi †Freedom from Fear Essay

It is simply not debatable that Aung Sang Suu Kyi speech, â€Å"Freedom from Fear† should be included in the category of â€Å"Communities and contexts: how ideas are generated through words†. I will show you why this is. Aung Sang Suu Kyi uses a substantial amount of pathos in her speech. When she combines pathos, antithesis and a lack of fear, she forms a speech that reaches out to people not only in her own country of Burma but also the whole UK Government and its allied nations. This is evident through her quote, â€Å"It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it. † Through this we can see that she is calling the audience to think and therefore engaging the listeners to hear more about what she has to say. Also in the title of the speech in its self it portrays antithesis, showing that â€Å"Freedom from Fear† implies that there is always another way to go. In the Buddhist teachings on which Aung San Suu Kyi draws there are four ways in which we can forget our principles and be corrupted. We may be led by our selfish desires, by ill will and a desire to harm our enemies, by ignorance or by fear. She shows us that fear is most ominous and it’s certainly the greatest weapon of any cruelties. Aung Sang Suu Kyi tells us how the Burmese government subdue people by instilling fear of arrest, torture and death, aiming to foster the apathy and subservience that add up to a kind of moral corruption. In saying this Pathos is employed in a way, which Aung Sang Suu Kyi connects with her audience, for example, â€Å"If ideas and beliefs are to be denied validity outside the geographical and cultural bounds of their origin, Buddhism would be confined to north India, Christianity to a narrow tract in the Middle East and Islam to Arabia. † By mentioning different countries Aung Sang Suu Kyi helps to personify the worlds sorrow, and also shows the fear of Xenophobes.

Role of the US Government in the Acceleration of the Advancement of Essay

Role of the US Government in the Acceleration of the Advancement of Computers - Essay Example The electronic computr has been approximately for over a half-century, but its intimates have been approximately for 2000 years. However, only in the last 4 decades has it changed the American society which resulted from U.S government policies towards the advancements of computrs. From the 1st wooden "abacus" to the latest high-speed "microprocessor chip", the computr has altred nearly every aspect of people's lives for the bettr. The outburst of "World War II" twisted a desperate need for computing capability, particularly for the military. New weapons' systems were created which required trajectory tables and other indispensable data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Meauchley, and their associates at the "University of Pennsylvania" detrmined to build a high-speed electronic computr to do the job. This machine became recognized as "ENIAC", for "Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator". It may well multiply two numbers at the tempo of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ""ENIAC"" was consequently about 1,000 times quicker than the preceding generation of computrs (Dolotta, 47). "ENIAC" used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, engaged 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. (Ceruzzi, 36) The input and output was done by punched-card. The "ENIAC" was very complicated to program because one had to fundamentally re-wire it to execute whatever task he required the computr to do. It was, though, well-organized in handling the particular programs for which it had been planned. "ENIAC" is normally accepted as the 1st victorious high-speed electronic digital computr and was used in various applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very fascinated in the "ENIAC". In 1945 he undertook a hypothetical study of computation that confirmed that a computr could have a very straightforward and yet be able to perform any kind of computation effectively by means of appropriate programmed control devoid of the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computrs. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became essential for future generations of high-speed digital computrs and were across the world adopted. The 1st gesture of modern programmed electronic computrs to take benefit of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group incorporated computrs using random access memory (RAM), which is a memory designed to give almost steady access to any particular portion of information. This equipment used punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAM's of thousand-word capability. Physically, they were much more compact than "ENIAC": some were regarding the size of a grand piano and required two thousand five hundred small electron tubes. This was fairly a development over the earlier machines. The 1st generation stored-program computrs required considerable maintenance, usually attained 70% to 80% reliable operation, and were used for 8 to 12 years. Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of machines included "EDVAC "and "UNIVAC ", the 1st

Does Strurcture of Human Resource Managment Enhance Employee Essay - 1

Does Strurcture of Human Resource Managment Enhance Employee Creativity - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that human resource management has implied the development and advise on policies that relate to the effective use of personnel that is in an organization to ensure there is an achievement of goals in the organization through the available personnel. The human resource also ensures that there is the employment of the right balance of skills and experiences. The management can involve training and development of the opportunities that are available to the performance and achieving the business aims. There are factors in organizations through human resource management have used in enhancing creativity among employee. The factors include planning for employees, putting up strategies, and training. The article brings about the identification of many factors that may stimulate or suppress the innovative aspects of the employees. The factors that have been identified to affect the innovative aspects include leadership that is available in the org anization, organization culture, and design and investments that are made in other sectors of the organization. Innovation is an important aspect in the management of employees in an organization. Arguments that have been made by scholars that organization management should be made to motivate behaviors that ensure there is the successful implementation of the overall strategy. Human resource management has been identified as the core, which is critical in the attainment of innovative strategic goals and with the specific human resource that is designed to encourage creativity and innovative behaviors of employees in an organization. The argument in this perspective is that innovation and creativity in an organization should be an important goal that is to be achieved for all sectors of employees. The degree of creativity in employees, however, may differ. Structure of human resource in an organization is important in enhancing creativity.

In Support of Abortion Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In Support of Abortion Rights - Essay Example Hopefully, society is evolving and someday soon the vast majority will agree that laws that force women to carry their pregnancy to term not only contradict the precepts of the U.S. Constitution but any definition of compassion and decency as well. It is unconscionable that a nation founded on and dedicated to civil liberties could allow its citizens to resort to dangerous self-abortion procedures. Two questions arise when debating whether the Constitution legally protects a woman’s right to have an abortion performed. The first involves reasoning whether the fundamental interests of women are affected by the restricting of abortion. The other inquires if laws preventing legal abortions are justified even if the Constitution does in fact address this issue. Answering the first question is rather simple. Courts regularly hear cases so as to decide whether or not the rights of an individual are protected by the Constitution. If courts are engaged in recognizing if the fundamental rights of individuals are protected, then the personal interest of a woman being forced by the government to have an unwanted child certainly applies. Recognizing that courts do indeed have the authority to intervene in decisions involving individual rights citing the Constitution as precedence, could laws preventing abortions still be justified in spite of this egregious encroachment on the civi l liberties of women? After all, constitutional rights are not unconditional. Why doesn’t the government have an interest in protecting the rights of those not yet born? The Fourteenth Amendment answers this question. It begins by referring to â€Å"All persons born ... in the United States† (â€Å"Fourteenth Amendment†, 2006), indicating that the protections under the Constitution refer only to persons who are ‘born.’ Those opposed to Roe also argue that if the Constitution does not directly address an

Digital Channels and Social Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Digital Channels and Social Media - Essay Example The most important part of business is advertising your products and services and social networks have made it very easy. The success of your business depends on more public relations you make. This was not easy some years back but now the world has shrunk into a global village and making social relations is easier than ever before. Finding your target market and serving them, sharing of information and ideas, updating your data details of sales and taxes, and following the market trends; these all tasks are now just as easy as that. Getting the feedback from your customers is of vital importance in every type of business. This job can be done through communicating with your customers; social media and digital channels provides us this valuable facility and use of this facility can take your organization to the height of success. Use of digital channels and social media in marketing: Digital marketing is a term defining upraise of your business by the use of different digital tools l ike emails, social networks and cellular services. The marketing of your business can be done very effectively by using digital technology and internet services. There are many uses of digital channels in marketing field some of them are discussed here. There are wide uses of digital marketing and social media networking. The most important use is your direct link with your customers this facility is provided to business organization and they can use it to increase their sales. The records of your customer and deals with them can be saved and reviewed at any time. You can save your time and efforts by addressing many of your customers at same time. The level of ease will increase and you... This essay approves that social media is another mean of interaction between people; social media is defined formally as the set of different online technology implements that make people to communicate easily through internet and share their information, ideas, views and resources with people of interest. It includes text, audio, video, images, podcasts, and some others. Different social networks like Facebook, twitter, and blogs are used presently for the convenience in every aspect of life. Social media are differentiated from other old fashioned media in many ways frequency, reach, quality, immediacy, usability, and permanence. The most appropriate use of social media is in the field of marketing, advertisement and public relations. Social media has affected the businesses; it has taken them from ground to higher levels. Social media is used as powerful tool for marketing of different products and services, different people have started their own small business and marketed their products of Facebook, tweeter, and other internet based social media. This report makes a cocnlusion that the first and top most ethical issue that can badly affect the repute of any business is use of social media and digital channels for customers’ feedback. When you place your product on a social media website for sake of market it may harm your business. Many people will comment and claim negatively and your product will lose the market. To build trust and credibility regarding the use of social networks and digital channels certain steps must be taken. Avoiding spam emails, popup windows, deceptive marketing and advertising to keep the trustworthy relationship with your consumers and satisfy their needs.

Intermodal Transportation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intermodal Transportation - Research Paper Example However, recent findings and literature regarding intermodal transportation ports review a contradictory outcome of these measures. The following paper investigates and discusses the effects of actions taken to up security at ports. Actions taken to improve the security at ports has negatively affected throughput, increasing costs and reducing the quality of operations. In 2005, a research by Ronald W. Tarr, Vicki McGurk, and Carol Jones made the realization that there are dangers facing intermodal transport ports after 9/11 are volatile (Tarr, et al., 2005). This unpredictability arises from the likelihood that terrorists may use intermodal transport to deliver weapons and explosive material. Oversized significance of stepping up security measures in these ports. The article explores the effects of training through collaboration and decision-making and its support of the response of transit organizations in the course of the 9/11 attacks (Tarr, et al., 2005). These effects revealed the substandard quality of intermodal transportation during the attacks and the ways the harmed output during the implementation of the already established security measures. A recent research by Nil Kula Degirmenci and Gul Denktas Sakar recognized number of security-linked challenges the intermodal transportation sector has been dealing with for the past several years (Degirmenci and Sakar, 2012). Among these challenges are piracy and terrorism. The researchers noted that security measures alone could not address the many low-quality operations, equipment, and industry players. Degirmenci and Sakar proceed to propose a system for gaining a general insight of the current security concept in intermodal transportation ports. This system takes into account the legal, innovative, and economic aspects. Consequently, system identifies key elements of security in intermodal transport by concentrating on requirement

Wireless management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless management - Essay Example In such cases, you would use a WLAN Router, often available as combination unit of WLAN-router and DSL / ADSL modem. Using a Wireless Access-point, networks can be configured with systems connected via cables and via Wireless connections. (WLAN, 2006). If we analyze an overview of the content manager we would come to know the role "content manager" plays in managing various services. It enables you to edit services, including mobile services. These reusable services can be invoked as a normal service, or by another service to return a result to that service. Wireless provides several mobile services that are ready for deployment, including those for such Personal Information Management (PIM) tools as calendar, address book, fax, and mail. (Oracle 9i, AS).Today wireless data networks exist in such a wide variety that it is difficult to compare and categorize them separately. Some wireless data networks run over wireless voice networks such as mobile telephone networks. Examples are CD PD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data), PDC-P (Packet Data Cellular) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Other wireless networks run on their own physical networks, utilizing anything from antennas built into handheld devices to large antennas mounted on towers. Examples are 802.11, LMDS and MMDS. A few wireless networks are intended only to connect small devices over short distances. Blue tooth is an example. (Wireless, 2006).Here we would discuss about managing Wifi or 802.11 networks. ... The speed at which data can be transmitted over a modulated carrier depends on a number of factors, including available bandwidth and the specific type of modulation used. Complex modulation schemes, such as 64-Quadrature Ampliture Modulation on 54-Mbps 802.11 WLANs, carry more bits per unit of time than simpler schemes, like the Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying used on 1-Mbps WLANs. If a complex modulation scheme isn't supported by high-quality RF signals, errors will occur. Because signal quality decreases over the RF medium, there's always a trade-off between speed and distance. Radio waves that travel through the air attenuate faster than RF signals carried by cable modems running over a hybrid fiber-coax cabling system. (Network Computing, 2006) Wi-Fi networks use radio spectrum designated by the FCC and other regulatory bodies for unlicensed operators. This "buy, install and run" approach is one thing that makes Wi-Fi so appealing. Although you don't need a license to operate a Wi-Fi system, vendors' products must be certified to ensure they adhere to FCC rules. (Network Computing, 2006) FCC regulations govern the use of 83.5 MHz of spectrum between 2.4 and 2.4835 GHz, known as the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band, as well as the 300 MHz of spectrum in the 5 GHz UNII (Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) bands. The 5 GHz UNII bands include 200 MHz between 5.15 and 5.35 GHz and 100 MHz between 5.725 and 5.825 GHz. Each Wi-Fi device, whether it's a PC card, a NIC or an AP (access point), acts as a transceiver that transmits and receives radio signals. Since all Wi-Fi systems use high-frequency microwave signals, the signals attenuate rapidly. Higher-frequency 5-GHz 802.11a signals experience s omewhat greater

Ryle on Monism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ryle on Monism - Essay Example The body has physical existence and consists of matter. Evidences adduced by Freud suggest that some of the thoughts of a person differ from the thoughts which he really acknowledges. However, the common understanding is that a person is aware of his own thoughts. Regarding others, a person can only make inferences from the observed behaviour of the other person. But Ryle argues that this common sense understanding based on Descartes’ theory is unsound and conflict with whole body of knowledge that we know about mind. According to Ryle, the source of such double life theory is because of category mistakes. It is like somebody asking where the university is after seeing, various departments, libraries and research facilities. The university is in fact just the way everything is organised. The same is the mistake when a child after witnessing the march past of batteries, squadrons, etc .asks when the division is going to appear. He must be explained that battalions, batteries an d squadrons constitute a division. Descartes regards human body as a complex organised unit and mind as just another complex unit. Like body, minds are also things. Mental processes are causes and effects. The mind governs the bodily engine although nothing is known of how it governs the bodily engine. Ryle points out that such explanation given by Decartes rests on a batch of category mistakes.

Ethics discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics discussion board - Assignment Example However, the use of harsh actions towards her, in order to extract confessions needs justification. Although it is painful to torture for information, it is the responsibility for every citizen to maintain peace by doing what is necessary for saving lives. The moral value of certain steps should be determined by happiness and utility that can be created. By bringing the terrorist’s daughter into a room, and holding the flame against her skin, the conscience of the terrorist will come to fore and this assist in the interrogation process as the terrorist would not just look at her torture. As a result of this torture, he will give all the information about the bomb and even future attacks. There is no reason to why torture should not be used in such a case of a terrorist. Information extracted from him would help people act in a morally upright way and save lives of other people. It is necessary to maintain and create happiness among the citizens, rather than happiness for a person. Torturing would make the country a peaceful

Growing in Intimacy with God Essay Example for Free

Growing in Intimacy with God Essay Introduction The beginning of our relationship with God is from the moment we accept and believe Jesus Christ as our Lord and savior. As it gets personal, it grows daily until it becomes deeper and intimate. Intimacy generally refers to the feeling of being in a close personal association and belonging together. It is a familiar and very close affective connection with another as a result of a bond that is formed through knowledge and experience of the other. In this lesson, we will learn and understand the work of God in our lives for us to be intimate with Him, yet it doesn’t require full force of effort from us. The following insights will help us to set ourselves to submit in the Lordship of God until we reach personal intimate relationship with Him. How would you complete the following statement? The most essential ingredient to living the Christian life is to†¦ †¢Fill your heart and mind with Scripture †¢ Pray as much as you are able. †¢Attend Christian meetings for inspiration. †¢Get involved in ministry. †¢Choose to do what is right and Godly. †¢None of the above. Each of the above choices are important to living the Christian life, but none of them qualifies as the â€Å"most essential† because they all fail to adequately deal with the primary obstacle Christian must overcome. This obstacle not only makes the Christian life difficult to live, but impossible to live. Why we can’t live the Christian Life? The primary obstacle that hinders Christians is the Sin Nature. Contrary to the belief that we are all born innocent, Scripture teaches that we do not become sinners, but that we are already born sinners. Psalms 51:5 The following Scriptures describes this problem Romans 3:10-12 Mark 7:21-23 Romans 8:7-8 Because of our sinful nature, not matter how many Scriptures we know, not matter often we pray, no matter how many inspirational meeting we attend, no matter how involved we are in ministry, or no matter how strong will to do right, our best efforts will fail because we do not deal with the main problem. When done in our own strength, these activities simply produce Spiritual pride! But God has provided a solution for us. God’s Solution God’s Solution to our Sin nature is to give us a New Nature! He did this by putting His Holy Spirit in us at the moment we received Jesus Christ! The following Scriptures describe this miracle. John 3:5-7 Ephesians 4:23-24 God’s spirit imparts God’s nature and power in us! Ezekiel 36:26-27 Acts 1:8 Philippians 2:13 (TLB) God’s Spirit gives us the Desire (Ezekiel 36:26-27) and the Power (Acts 1:8) to do His will! God’s Spirit in Us The desire in you to please God is the work of the Holy Spirit in your heart. It is evident of the New Nature you inherited when you were born again by God’s Spirit. We are born into this world with a Sin Nature. But the moment we trust Jesus Christ for forgiveness, we are â€Å"born again† with a new nature, which is not only the new me but the real me! The sin nature, or Old me, can never please God and does not even want to, but our New Nature not only desires to please God, but it is able to by the Power of the Holy Spirit. Notice that the Christian’s Sin Nature will cease at the moment death, while our new nature will continue for eternity! The challenge we face in this life is the battle between these two natures to rule in our minds, our hearts and bodies. They are at war within us! The good news is that this struggle is temporary. Once we are free of Sin Nature, our new nature will be unhindered to do all that God desires. It is important to understand that the key to victory is God’s Spirit within us. Only by allowing His Spirit to live through us will we experience God’s Will and Power in us! Be Filled with the Spirit Ephesians 5:18 teaches us how to apply God’s provision to overcome sin. The word â€Å"filled† means to be filled to the full! A person â€Å"filled with the spirit â€Å"leaves no room for the Sin Nature to control his life. Command: This verb teaches that we are â€Å"filled with the Spirit† by an act of our will! God is not asking us to be filled with his Spirit if we feel like it. God is commanding us to be filled. No matter how we feel no matter what our circumstances, we can choose to be filled and allow God to rule in our lives! God’s Work: This verb also indicates that it is God who fills us. We simply make ourselves available to Him! As we yield our lives to God, His Spirit empowers us with His Desire and Ability! Present Tense: Finally, this verb commands us to continually allow God’s Holy Spirit to fill us ~ moment by moment, hour by hour, day by day. No breaks and no allowance for the Sin Nature to reign! How can we be sure God will fill us with His Holy Spirit? Because He said He would, and God does not lie! 1 John 5:14-15 1. Is it God’s will for us to be filled with His Spirit? ⠝  yes ⠝  no 2. If we ask God to fill us with His Spirit, will He hear us? ⠝  yes ⠝  no 3. If we know God will hear us, can we be sure we are filled? ⠝  yes ⠝  no Application The following steps can help us experience God’s Power continually 1. Confess ~ Not being filled to the full with God’s Spirit is sin. Confess this to God and claim His forgiveness (1 John 1:9) 2. Be Filled with the Holy Spirit ~ Ask God to fill you with His Spirit! Filling of the Holy Spirit doesn’t end our relationship with God. Rather, it only set our condition with the Lord. Each of us can posses a spiritual relationship with Christ. Jesus is very well aware of our individuality and want to give us just what we want to grow in our walk with Him. The following presents a guide that may help you find time to spend with God.

Hanif Rajput Catering Services Management Essay

Hanif Rajput Catering Services Management Essay Hanif Rajput Catering Services, a renowned, immaculate, trust worthy and qualified service provider holds a well-known name amongst the elite group of people in Pakistan for its reputation and excellence in catering and cuisines for weddings, business events and other ceremonies. Hanif Rajput has an exceptional management team and a flawless service Its success depends on the fact that it aims to provide highest standards in terms of quality to their valued customers. The company takes help of different marketing techniques to stay on top of its business area. Despite what the company claims to offer, it is experiencing stagnant sales over the past few years. This research will provide answers to the problem identified. Now what are the reasons for this decline was the main purpose of this study. Interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted to get the clear picture. Hanif Rajput, an event management company is one of the best and the largest companies in Pakistan. Hanif Rajput being one of the biggest and best companies in this industry does not escape from having internal flaws and inside management clashes. Companys management style has changed from what it was followed before and the employees are not adjusting to it. Vendors on the companys panel were directly dealing with the clients Direct contact of clients with vendors through companys booking managers has played a vital role in decreased sales. Money instead of coming into the company is going into their pockets. Managers are omitting minute details during planning and organizing of an event. Those minute details are frequently among the most imp factors that determine the success and failure of an event. Mr. Ali Ehsan(GM of the company) said that Hanif Rajput Company trys its best to eliminate such minute errors to make their events perfect. Introduction: Marketing Guru, Philip Kotler, defines  events as occurrences designed to communicate particular messages to target audiences.   Suresh Pillai, Managing Director, Eventus Management, considers events as an additional media whereby two-way or active communication is possible. Entertainment is the irrefutable need of us humans, but for Pakistanis and to be more precise Lahoris food and weddings takes away the biggest portion in the pie. Hanif Rajput being in the event management sector (mainly catering) for so long serves the same purpose. Hanif Rajput Catering Services, a renowned, immaculate, trust worthy and qualified service provider holds a well-known name amongst the elite group of people in Pakistan for its reputation and excellence in catering and cuisines for weddings, business events and other ceremonies. HRCS was formed 14 years ago through a partnership between late Mr. Hanif Rajput and Mr. Rana Ashraf Khan in 1991. Since 1994, Hanif Rajput Catering Services sole ownership was legally transferred to Mr. Rana Ashraf Khan and since then it has become even more successful with its high quality services to the residents of the twin cities and its surroundings. In addition to the residents of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, HRCS has provided high quality services to a multicultural clientele varying from the lively Punjabis in Lahore to the exuberant Pathans in Peshawar, from Dera Ismail Khan to Muzaffarabad as well as Gilgit. (Hanif Rajput 1979, Tender Bid Offer) Hanif Rajput an Overview Hanif Rajput, caterers was launched in 1979 by (late) Muhammad Hanif Rajput at Karachi. Since its inception, the company has emerged as the leading and fastest growing catering organization in the country. The rapid expansion and continued diversification of the business are attributable to three essential factors: precise planning, adherence to quality standards enthusiastic teamwork. The remarkable record of business growth and companys recognition in the area of catering owes largely to the managements commitment to stay on top in catering organization. Today Hanif Rajput is the finest catering organization in terms of quality food and it enjoys a vast range of clientele. (Hanif Rajput, 1979, Tender Bid Offer) Today the company has diversified its business to further stream line its operations. Hanif Rajput caterers Hanif Rajput Industrial and Field Management Service HR Mobiles (Pvt.) Ltd Quality Policy The management and staff of Hanif Rajput industrial and Field Management Services strongly believe that there is no substitute of hard work and honesty for providing highest standard of services to their valued customers. Business Ethics Hanif Rajput industrial and felid management services is strongly committed to ethical business relationships based on mutual trust and providing qualitative services at competitive price . in the context of this commitment, the companys employees are not permitted to accept any type of gratification whatsoever from the suppliers and vendors. Similarly, Hanif Rajput does not expect from its clients Vision To stay on top in our business area Hanif Rajput is committed mentioned vision through these under mentioned pointers. Quality Management High Standard of Food Customer Satisfaction A positive impact on the people we serve Mission Right from the beginning we have had a mission to maintain quality. The kind of quality that one is recognized by. That is why to meet the ever increasing demands of our customers; we have laid down certain principles that ensure consistently better services and a satisfied customer base. Quality food at competitive cost Dependable operation by qualified professionals and wireless network systems Assured Prompt Service Companys Objectives To provide services to our valued customers to the best of our ability based on internationally recognized standards. To ensure reliable and sustainable operations To provide quality services at sustainable costs To pursue and maintain consistent improvement in quality systems Strategy HR corporate strategy is to build out existing competencies within the group and to establish a culture of exceptional performance with a view to set a platform from future market expansion. Hanif Rajput Services Wedding Lawns Outdoor Catering Avenues HR Mobiles (Pvt.) Ltd Garrison Banquet Halls (GBH) Industry Overview Marketing Guru, Philip Kotler, defines  events as occurrences designed to communicate particular messages to target audiences.   Suresh Pillai, Managing Director, Eventus Management, considers events as an additional media whereby two-way or active communication is possible. Miss.  P. PIRAKATHEESWARI, Lecturer in Commerce, Sri Sarada College for Women in her article says that  management of an event encompasses all activities involved in planning, organizing, staffing, leading and evaluation of an event.   In fact, all operational task for an event such as the ground work, viz., venue selection and stage design, arranging the infrastructural facilities required, liaison with artists/ performers and networking with other activities such as advertising, PR, ticket sales, etc., fall under the purview of event management. Events industry is extremely diverse and fragmented and might overlap with other industries such as hotels. This industry comprise of wedding events, business/ corporate events, outdoor events and tradeshows. Pakistani event Management Industry includes about 4000 companies with combined annual revenue of Rs 100 billion. Major companies include Hanif Rajput, Jalal and Sethi, Iris, Harman Events, Al Waseem events, Ali Hodges events, Spark and Sparkles, Impact productions etc. This industry is fragmented. The top companies make about 50% of the industry revenue. Demand is driven by overall economic activity and profits. Small companies manage their profits by retaining valuable staff and managing costs where as large companies have the advantage of negotiating labor, they have multiple locations, multiple suppliers and transportation. (Aug. 27, 2012, Trade shows and event planning services) This industrys primary function is producing and managing different events, trade shows, conferences etc. other than that this industry design, builds, ships booths for tradeshows for individual exhibitors. Event management industry overall is growing at a fast pace. Prior to rescission and even in the rescission season this industry was experiencing growth. This industry has shown considerable boom in the past 10 years and has outperformed many sectors in the economy. According to a research conducted by (Eventias Member Survey February 2009), we have seen that events are down by more than 10%. Public sector despite the recession is still sending money on the events. There is an increase in public events and spending on festivals is increasing drastically. Despite inflation, public spending is increasing. With this increase and with rising trend towards event management, a lot of event management companies are emerging. Due to this, competition between event organizers has also amplified because they are all invited to deal for the same purpose. Event industry is diversifying to increase their offer and improving their customer service skills to deal with this elevated competition. Industrys outstanding current performance is a hint for its future success. Being an international industry, some sort of international standards can be put into place for events in the future. Technology being developed we see that the technological trends will continue to grow along with face to face customer interactions. Furthermore in the next ten to fifteen years, Pakistan is seen hosting several high profile events which will provide organizers to gain ample experience and skills to organize events on enormous scale. Literature Review Moise Daniela *, Georgescu Bogdanb, Zgură Danielc in their article The use of event marketing management strategies tells that events evolve and changes with the development of mankind. Events are part of social, cultural and economic factors in accordance to various tertiary sectors. Events can be defined as nonstandard services in which knowledge, behavior commitment to service providers is very crucial. Contentment of customers comprises of well integrated communication with clients, event venue, design, the management system and the staff. Organizations should take into account the types of customers that they address with new events, so they have to develop new events or to diversify the actual ones. (Rutherford, 2008) considers that the event marketing management process is a cross complex of flows of management processes with management and marketing functions. As shown, the functional units grouped by subject area, form the fabric to manufacture an event. The process starts with a lot of research, continuing with event planning, the organization implementation and at the end of event the final evaluation. Departments from the administration, operations, marketing and risk management and not only, are involved in a greater or less matter of carrying out the tasks. As all of them have met different problems in setting up an event, and can come with various solutions or proposals. Constantly bringing together the various creative disciplines in new areas of experience transforms any event into a unique experience. When combining different sensory impressions, receptors are taken in other worlds, identifying factors and factors of the event experience can hardly be overcome. Their enormous power of attraction combined with deep emotions; determine harmonious events to become important aspects of marketing communication. They create customer loyalty and enhance the sense of group, or we, members of a team (Daab, 2007).The increase of invol vement of commercial customers and the increase of number of events, illustrate their significant importance in advertising (Filip, 2011). Managing and organizing an event properly requires well incorporation of disciplines, but in order to produce effective results and implementation two fields are very crucial: marketing and management. Without these the event can never exist. Event marketing addresses both to customers and business partners of an organization as well as employees working in a company. Marketing is followed by conduction of two kinds of researches. On one hand it address to stakeholders and the extent to which it outsources or moves to other companies for their effective implementation of these events, and on the other hand, the employees opinion about the effectiveness of events, and also proposals, to really become perfect Marketing Events, in terms of participants (Olteanu, 2005). In terms of organizing events that address to target customers and other business partners (Davidson Rogers, 2007): Accessible locations, with enough parking spaces, large spaces; Greater attention to detail, in providing maps of presentation to all participants; Innovative and exciting ideas, approaching broader and more complex themes, with a high degree of novelty; Compliance with the program and the exact start and end. Strict timing of presentation sessions, without any exception; The menu to take account also of the needs of all participants the vegetarians The best possible sound system, enjoyable music, more prepared speakers; The use of translators, because not every participant may know the international language spoken; The events to be the most concise possible and to be transmitted only the most important, late minute information concerning the specified domain; The guests to be successful people at least in the certain domain, either from abroad or national ones, and the contact information of the speakers for a subsequent collaboration or for an explanation of some problems; The events to be unique, in order to catch the attention of the participants, but also to have a direct approach and the message to be a simple one; A proper environment to be created for the networking development, by organizing some sessions between the participants in order to exchange experience. The success of an event depends of the efficiency of the event marketing and management. It is therefore crucial for marketing managers to give sufficient time and energy for future planning; as the realization of the marketing management is the manifestation of the event. Marketing management strategy of the planning process comprises of practical value and it defines and forms the future of the organization and responds to changes in technology, environmental conditions and meets the needs of customers, and also the employees. Strategies for interactive communication, with external and internal stakeholders, in events marketing by Moise Daniela *, Georgescu Bogdanb, Zgură Danielc confers that interactive communication is a key element in the development of events including the company that creates events, organizations that order invents and the participants/employees within the company. The success of any event highly depends upon the properly managed and good communication with the clients as well as the employees in a company. The effect of the communications can be positive or negative. Any company that sends across the information or message about their products and services must be integrated well in order for the consumers to have a succinct image of the offer of the organization. According strictly from this point of view of the proper interactive communication, the organizers of events have available the following strategic options (Goldblatt, 2005): The use of some media communication means of the type: advertising at the place of sale (posters, billboards, flyers), information indicators, user guides, environment; The use of some interpersonal: communication means of the type: personnel in contact, commercial contact (in case of fairs,, exhibitions, etc.), clients (orally promotion). Companies appeal to a large number of target audience while creating events, the means of communication can be external or internal. The most important criteria that is taken into account while conducting events and outlining a budget depends upon the type of event, the way in which it is realized (in direct labor, outsourced or joint), the location where the event takes place ( must be taken into account if the organization has space assigned and sufficient for the development of the event because in case that the space is too small for the number of participants their experience can be unpleasant), the period in which the event takes place (it firstly must be considered also the availability of the participants to come to the event) and the participation tax ( if for some events the participation or the entrance is free, for other events there exists a participation tax of which quantum increases in direct proportion with the demand for such an event). The internal communication is an important component of marketing mix which represents the interior of a company which plays an essential role in ensuring the proper management of events to the audience from the internal environment and the ones created and delivered in the interactive marketing. Internal communication is indissolubly related to the communicates through the event. (Filip, 2011) Therefore, it aims at the attraction, support and agreement of the personnel, the increase of the degree of its involvement in the realization of the event. Communication is preferred with the employees, introducing the new employee once he/she enters in the organization, and even when they leave the organization. In this way, the internal communication of the marketing ranks with the managerial communication, at the superior management level, having a specific role, the one of contributing to the attaining of the objectives stipulated in the marketing plans of the organization. Its objectives are derived from the ones of the marketing, being included in some specific programs, using specific means of internal communication. (Olteanu, 2005). There are various means of internal communication that are or can be used by the companies for effective results. Newsletters in a written form, Web sites, Blogs, Other printed materials such as brochures, internal notes, announcements posted on the bulletin board etc. The organizations that communicate with their own employees can recourse to a wide range of events through which they can send a diversity of messages for attaining the marketing objectives. (Masterman Wood, 2006) Jonathan Reynold in his writing Common Problems Faced by Event Organizers: What Is the Solution? states that event Management is a business that is on its boom. But on the other hand event organizers are facing a lot of problems these days. The main problem faced by them is the competition. Before the emergence of the internet people had no concept social media platforms and online promotions of events, activities and other things. However with the internet and awareness of social media, enterprises are now facing a tough challenge merging their traditional marketing strategies with the more advanced online promotional tactics. Event organizers now days face a lot of problems managing events. The basic problem faced in arranging events is budget. People are not spending more money on their events and designers on the other hand have to keep the clients budget in mind and give them the best they could. Due to inflation and other recessionary economic problems planners are not being able to cater to the clients requirements with the given budgets. Event planners must keep in mind the amount of money required to book and decorate the venue. Moreover there is a dire need to recruit additional staff to manage the business. Event attendance is also going down due to the worldwide economic crises. People are showing reluctance in attending corporate meetings and trade shows and because of this many companies/ organizers are failing to sell their entire inventory. Conference or meeting management problems are also seen. Companies are also seen hiring outsiders for help because one person cannot manage logistical aspects of a conference for their attendees. This outsourcing takes a lot of time because suitable staff is not easy to find. And even if they find it it takes time to make them understand the work flow system. These problems and issues can be managed easily now. Social media integration has become a common need now. Individuals are no longer using social media sites for personal reasons. They are using these social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, MySpace etc to meet urgent business needs. To address these growing issues and effectively manage events, organizers are seen taking the help of various types of online event management solutions. This article, Business Development in the Event Management Industry written by Himanshu Sharma discusses the different techniques of developing business. For successful business development a keen eye on the market should be maintained, every move of your competitor must be monitored, every new product in the market must be considered while making marketing decisions and different marketing strategies should be adopted. In the event management industry most of the work is done via outsourcing. There could be different kind of outsourcing for example social event outsourcing, corporate event outsourcing, charitable event outsourcing and so on. Companies often outsource their marketing campaigns to different event management companies as these companies are well equipped for the job. They usually consist the right logistic, man power, equipments for the job. If for a company the event management activities are an integral part then those companies can open up their very own event management department decrease their production and marketing cost. Over the years there is a drastic increase in the growth of event management companies and now its a 500 billion dollar industry. Social networking sites can prove to be very helpful to get business for such companies. Facebook, MySpace, Orkut are few examples that are used for business development. Event-management is mostly about networking, the more contacts you have the more you can attract business for your event management company. I think this article correctly identifies the key factors which are needed to be their for the success of any event management company. An event manager must be very vigilant about the market scenarios and remain updated about the new companies that are entering the market. Financial Analysis Hanif Rajput Companys financial highlights for the years 2008-2010 are as follows. Revenues/Turnover CGS HR Caterers 2010 Rupees 171,324,351 (130,548,831) HR Decorators 2010 Rupees 72,047,886 (47,838,441) HR Caterers 2009 Rupees 173,095,820 (131,930,397) HR Decorators 2009 Rupees 94,267,977 (68,492,287) HR Caterers 2008 Rupees 181,541,591 (138,367,606) HR Decorators 2008 Rupees 84,561,589 (63,334,485) Gross Profit Admin Expenses 40,775,520 (32,138,680) 20,209,445 (16,054,646) 41,165,432 (35,360,319) 25,775,690 (19,184,929) 43,173,985 (39,005,804) 21,227,104 (18,288,862) Profit/loss from Operations Less: financial Charges 8,636,840 (6,041,058) 8,154,799 (5,852,669) 5,805,105 (3,223,674) 6,590,761 (4,116,154) 4,168,181 (1,370,165) 2,938,242 (695,405) NET PROFIT 2,595,782 2,302,130 2,581,431 2,474,607 2,798,016 2,242,837 Measuring companys profitability over a period of time is very important. From the above stated financial highlights of Hanif Rajput we can see that sales are decreasing slowly over the years. Expenses and cost of sales are not decreasing with the same ratio. If we take out the percentage difference of sales by Subtracting sales of 2008 from sales in 2010 we get the average percentage by which the sales have fallen from 2008 to 2010. Percentage Difference HR Caterers = (Sales 2010- sales 2008)/ Sales 2008 * 100 Percentage Difference HR Caterers= 5.63 % It means that sales have fallen 5.63% in the last three years for HR caterers. Similarly if we take out the percentage difference of HR decorators, we will see that Dà ©cor Departments sales have decreased 14% in the last three years. This is due to the fact that Hanif Rajput is lacking innovation and creativity in its events. This is discussed in detail later. Similarly we can see that HR caterers Gross Profit is also decreasing by 5.5%. Whereas Gross Profit of HR decorators is decreasing by 4.7%. Expenses are falling almost in the same ratio but we can see that the financial charge are increasing tremendously, which is the most important reason of profit fall. Research Question The following basic questions will be addressed in this study: Why Hanif Rajput is not meeting the sales target for the last three years? Methodology: Research Significance Methodology is an integral part of research and emphasis is given on research theories along with discussing the validity and reliability of data so as to provide a general view about how the research is conducted. The objective of the researchers is to use specific tools for collecting primary and secondary data in order to systematically generate knowledge of the world. According to Evered and Louis (1981) the methodology has been clarified by two distinguishing research stances: inquiry from the outside In general terms, Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are linked, respectively, with the two principal research paradigms which are generally labeled Positivism and Interpretivism (Mangan et al, 2004). Positivism and Interpretivism totally contradict each other. Positivism obeys the law of nature and is based on factual information like the sun rises and sets every day. Data Type: There are two types of data, quantitative and qualitative. My data type will be qualitative as questionnaires will be filled by the employees. And interviews will be conducted by the CEO and GM of the company and other employees. The information gathered will then be analyzed and In order to run the regression and analyze the statistical data I will convert the data into numbers through coding to make it more feasible. Research Design: Research design is a framework for conducting the research project. It tends to discover new insights as well as describe the functions of existing variables. These kinds of designs are flexible and versatile in data collection and analysis. The main methods under these designs are qualitative like interviews, case studies and participant observation. The aim of the study is to figure out why are Hanif Rajputs sales stagnant since the past few years. What are the reasons and factors causing this status quo?, although this industry is so attractive in Pakistan and is constantly growing. The design of this study is employee survey and two interviews. Sampling and sampling technique: Sample Size Due to limitation of resources and time constraints on part of both the researcher and the respondents, the whole population cannot be studied therefore; a sample would be selected from the total target population. A total of 30 surveys questionnaires will be conducted. Managers and employees of the company will be asked questions about the research and information will be collected. Sampling Procedure There are two types of sampling methods used in collecting the data; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Sample size will also be based on the convenience sampling due to the ease of access that the researcher had in communicating with the respondents in the company. Research Tools The Primary research methodology for my paper will entail both written and oral surveys. i.e. Data collection though questionnaires and surveys. Data Collection Procedure Both primary as well as secondary data collection techniques would be used, for the research to present an authentic and a more comprehensive view. A primary data refers to information collected by oneself which is original and reliable through direct observation or questionnaires. Whereas a secondary data refers to information collected from sources which already exists, through facts, figures, journals, articles and books. This study was based on primary data collection approach. Data was collected from a sample population of employees by means of questionnaires which will form the annexure. They were distributed to a total of 30 respondents of different ages, gender and income. Once the questionnaires will be filled theyll be collected. Interviews of senior employees e.g. the CEO and GM operations will also be conducted to get the in depth information. Questionnaires employed close ended questions in order to induce quick decisions from the respondents. The questionnaire design was also key to producing efficient results. In Depth Interviews Interviews are the leading means for acquiring detailed information from test subjects. In depth interviews for the purpose of this study were either unstructured or semi-structured so as to avoid inducing generic responses that fall in the median. The underlying views, concerns and cognitive processes of the participants responses were the primary objective of my research. Unstructured and semi-structured interviews allow us to gain detailed information about a respondents opinion, views, feelings, beliefs and behaviors so as to derive a holistic picture for the research rather than rudimentary outcomes. According to some sociologists, interviews are prone to be biased and the results cannot be generalized due to the small size of the sample. However, these issues can be mitigated by carefully selecting a representative sample population and by being well versed in interviewing techniques so as to induce efficient responses. While conducting in depth interviews, it is important that the researcher should be patient and calm and also make the participant feel comfortable, secure, and at ease enough to speak openly. There should be a good communication between the researcher, and participant and it is better to avoid yes/no questions,. Which tend to, stifle detail. One of the main issue is to try not to guide try not to guide course of the interview to preconceived questions, but to follow what is on subjects minds. Keeping in mind all the guidelines two in depth interviews were conducted which gave new insights to the data collection procedure as well as the main rese

The History And Techniques Of Animation Film Studies Essay

The History And Techniques Of Animation Film Studies Essay In this article we discuss the concept of animation, exploring its definition and the history of early animation devices, the techniques developed for animation, including traditional animation, 3D CGI (Three Dimensional Computer Generated Imagery) in particular facial aninmation and mocap (motion capture), and the development of animation in China, including history, the market and industry. Finally, we speculate on the promising future of animation in China. Animation is associated to an ability of human vision known as the Phi Phenomenon. If you watch a succession of closely connected pictures in fast sequence, you see them as uninterrupted movement. Each picture is called a frame. Cartoons on television and images generated in video-games are examples of animation. More details on popular techniques to enliven the effect of animation, known as the twelve principles of 2D animation are provided in (El Rhalibi, A. and Shen, Y. (2004)). This is one of the types of early device which produces the illusion of the motion picture. The prototype of this device was invented in China by inventor Tian Huan on 180 AD. The images were drawn on to transparent paper attached to vanes and the inventor hung the Zoetrope above a burning lamp. The hot air which rose from the candle made the device rotate due to convection and form images which appear to move due to the shadows cast through the rotating slides. More recently, in 1834, William George Horner ((1786-1837) developed the modern Zoetrope. The device was composed of a cylinder which had slits along its sides set on a spindle stand. A series of images were placed around the internal edge of the cylinder, and when rotating the outer cylinder and looking through the slits the user can see a succession of images inside that give the illusion of motion. This device is still being used in animation classes to make the students understand animation techniques. 3.2 Thaumatrope (1824) This device was invented during the Victorian era, in 1825 by Dr. William Henry Fitton (1780-1861). The Thaumatrope is a device which has a small circular card. Two different pictures are drawn; one on each side of the card and a string/small pole goes through the centre. When the pole is spun by placing in between the hands the card quickly flips around causing the images to coincide and appear to join as a single image. John Ayrton Paris (1785-1856) used this device, at the Royal College of Physicians in 1824, to demonstrate the phi phenomenon. 3.3 Kineograph (1868) The kineograph or flick book was invented by John Barnes Linnet in 1868. The kineograph was one of the biggest inventions which took us nearer to the modern animation technique. The kineograph gave the perfect illusion of motion. The sequential images are drawn on each sheet and when the sheets are flicked the images appear to move. All these inventions, and others such as Electrotachyscope, Mutoscope, Phenakistoscope, Praxinoscope, and Zoopraxiscope, were a major cause for the invention and development of modern animation. 4. Animation Techniques 4.1 Traditional Animation Method Traditional animation embraces many methods including cel animation, stop-motion animation, claymation (a.k.a clay animation) and further techniques based 3D CGI and motion capture. In the following we discuss about 3D CGI with an example of techniques used for face animation, and motion capture. 2D animation techniques and stop-motion information can be found in (El Rhalibi, A. and Shen, Y. (2004)). 4.2 Animation with 3D CGI 3D Computer-generated imagery (CGI) transformed animation. The first film completed entirely in 3D CGI was Toy Story (1995), produced by Pixar. The process of 3D CGI is very repetitive and similar in that sense to classical 2D animation and follows many of the same principles. 3D CGI use very sophisticated software applications to create and manipulate very complex and realistic 3D objects, characters and environments. The software also provides functionalities for the animation of 3D scene components. The major difference between 3D CGI animation and traditional animation is in 3D CGI the images are replaced by 3D models which are digitally modelled using 3D modelling and animation tools. The 3D models are animated roughly like stop motion animation but in 3D CGI there is no physical object. The objects in the 3D world are all virtual objects. The CAA (Computer Aided Animation) widely used in 2D animation is a mix of both categories of animation. The traditional animation is done with the aid of computer to speed up the process of keyframe, cel, and interpolation. Some software languages and platforms, such as Flash which is a multimedia platform, provide these functionalities for both 2D and 3D. 3D CGI can be used for many kind of animation, including in combination with standard such as MPEG4. The following section reviews the use of 3D CGI for Facial Modelling and Animation. 4.3 Facial Modelling and Animation We provide an overview into the current research conducted in regards to both facial modelling and facial animation techniques (N. Ersotelos and F. Dong, 2007). Modelling a 3D virtual character can be cumbersome and time consuming process. Typically a character is modelled as a polygon mesh; whilst alternative techniques exist such as multi-layer modelling which include underlying structures such as the muscle and skeletal formations, these techniques are still considered too computationally expensive, particularly in the context of real-time applications. There are several approaches to constructing a modelled character: Standard Geometric Face Modelling, an approach typically used in animated feature films and games; Generic Model Individualization (GMI), where a specific model is constructed through the deformation of an existing model, such as those constructed from video streams and 3D face scanners; and Example-based Face Modelling (EFM), where a face is constructed with the desired facial features through the linear combinations of an existing face model collection, an example of this is the morphable facial modelling technique. In re lation to facial animation, there are three prominent classifications for the techniques employed: A Simulation-based approach, in which synthetic facial movements are generated through the mimicking of facial muscle contractions, whose application is prominent in the field of medical-based visualization. The Performance-Driven approach, where facial actions are typically applied to a face model, from sources such as video recordings and performance capture. The MPEG-4 standard falls into this classification, but can also be driven through procedural means. The third classification is the Blend Shape-based approach, which typically creates a set of desired animations through the combination of a number of existing face models. There are various levels of granularity for blend shapes, such as interpolation between models, interpolation between images, morphable model approach, and a facial segmentation approach, where the face is divided into small regions, which are manipulated and interpolated between poses. The latter approach has become increasingly prevalent within the games industry. In this case, facial models are rigged with segmentations based on skeletal joints/ bones, blend shape objects, or a hybrid combination of both. The Face rig is then manipulated through the artists tools or through automated techniques such as motion and performance capture. Examples of this case can be found through visual outsourcing specialists such as Image Metrics, whose proprietary technique has been integrated with commercial game engine solutions such as Emergents Gamebryo engine. In the context of facial animation, common approach is to adopt techniques from the real-time face segmentation blend-shape approach and apply them to MPEG-4 based techniques at the lowest level of integration. Whilst blend shape objects have been used to great effect within the film industry (e.g. the Lord of the Rings films Gollum character was comprised of 946 blend shape controls [5]), a nd have seen recent adoption in the high-performance games market, they are computationally expensive to implement, especially across low-mid range desktop PCs in real-time. Therefore, a better method is to adopt a skeletal system for the facial segmentation. Other techniques such as motion capture (mocap) have been developed to produce the data to feed-in animation systems for character animation, or even facial animation. 4.4Animation and Mocap Mocap (Motion Capture) is the technique of capturing motion and converting that motion onto data to be exploited on an animation system or 3D authoring software. It is applied in the production of animation for entertainment (films and games), medical, sports, and military applications. In film production it involves capturing digital data records of the actions of actors, and applying this data to animate digital 2D and 3D character models in computer animation. This animation information is mapped to a character model so that the model executes the same movements as the actor. Mocap is used routinely to produce films which endeavour to replicate the realism of live-action cinema, with near realistically looking digital characters. Some recent films using motion capture techniques are discussed in the following. The Polar Express (Directed by Robert Zemeckis in 2004) used mocap with actor Tom Hanks executing the performance of many different digital models. In 2007, the adaptation o f the famous chronicle Beowulf animated digital characters were also partially based on the actors providing movements, with mocap, and voices. The Walt Disney Pictures Company has also recently started to invest in mocap, releasing Robert Zemeckis A Christmas Carol (2009) and Tim Burtons Alice in Wonderland (2010) which both use this technique extensively. Other applications which routinely apply mocap to animate in-game characters are video games. This has been done since 1995, with the release of the Atari Jaguar game Highlander: The Last of the MacLeods. Movies also use captured movements for 3D CGI effects, and progressively replacing classical cel animation technique, to animate entirely 3D CGI creatures, like the Navi from James Camerons Avatar. Motion capture is commonly used for animation, movies and video games in all the leading countries that produce this media. In the following we discuss the development of animation in China. 5. Animation Development in PRC 5.1 History of Animation in PRC Animation did not start in China before the 1910s. In 1918, an animation clip Out of the Inkwell, produced in the US, was played in the biggest Chinese cities. This event can be considered as the beginning of modern animation there. However the animation industry in PRC did not start until the 1920s, with the advent of the Wan brothers who worked on several animation shorts for a decade before they produced the earliest animation with sound known as The Camels Dance. It was only four years afterwards in 1939 that Walt Disney Studios Snow White was presented to Shanghai audience and represents another important milestone of the history of animation in PRC. And two years after, in 1941 the original full-length Chinese film animation, titled Princess Iron Fan was launched (reference from History of Chinese Animation). At this time other countries in Asia were making impressive progresses with their animation development. In particular Japan has started to develop the famous anime style and technique. However these progressions did not directly influence China. During the 1940s, the Wans created more than twenty animation shorts to educate people with nationalistic themes against opium, imperialism and the Japanese invasion. However, animations produced in China, and until the Chinese Cultural Revolution, were essentially inspired by Chinese traditions, culture and arts, drawing most topics from old folklores. An instance of a time-honoured Chinese character used in animation is Monkey King, a character that originated from the traditional literature Pilgrim to the West, which was introduced by the Wan brothers in the 1964 full-length animated feature titled Havoc in Heaven. Unfortunately, while the animation industry in China was at its apex in the 1960s, it was cut short during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), and was left last in the animation development race. The other countries took advantage and by the 1980s Japanese animation production comes out as the market global leader in Asia. In the 1990s, when PRC opened again its market to the world, new opportunities for animation occurred. Nowadays, PRC animation industry has significantly recreated itself with influences from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan. One of the first innovative changes in 1995 was a manhua animation adaptation titled Cyber Weapon Z. Manhua involves characters who are very similar to any typical anime showing a clear influence from Japan. The advent of the Internet in China, with the first ever connection in 1987, increasing to more than 384 million users by 2009, led to the creation of various form of professional as well as amateurish animations, in the form of webtoons. The webtoon phenomenon has taken China to a new level in animation production. During the last decade, 3D CGI and special effects production has also increased greatly and many Chinese animation feature and shorts had begun to adopt it by the mid-2000s with for example in 2005 the release of the famous animation DragonBlade: The Legend of Lang. 5.2 Animation Industry and Market in PRC Nowadays, in 2010, the animation industry is well established in PRC. Many large studios, dominate the market, and there are even more small studios spread across the country. Many of these are agents of broadcast or other media organisation. The animation industry has essentially positioned itself in the region of Shanghai with most animation studios located over a few hundred kilometres from the city. In Suzhou (Jiangsu province) there are 2 of the leading and largest animation studios, Hong Ying and Wang Films, and also a few small office branch studios of other firms. Both companies are from Taiwan and operate a network of branch studios in Shanghai, as well as abroad. Wang Films is perhaps the most highly regarded of all studios in Asia, and have studios also in Indonesia, and Thailand as well as in PRC. Shanghai contains a number of studios including Shanghai Animation and Shanghai Morning Sun. Hong Kong Animation Services is yet another animation firm in the Shanghai region, a nd employs a network of branch studios operating in the Shanghai region. In the city of Shenzhen, in Guangdong province, the animation industry also has a good presence with two other big animation studios Jade Animation and Colorland Animation. These two organisations are Hong Kong joint ventures and contend with many small studios which are either supported by the state, for example CCTV Oriental Hong Ye, or Japanese ran branch studios, for example Rising Sun Animation, operated solely for parent companies in Japan. Animation industry in economically booming PRC is performing efficiently. The production charges, including labour and other resources price, are cheaper than in other countries. The number and quality of animators has increased significantly and considering the recent quality of the productions and the increasing number of animation studios, it seems that the skills pool will carry on growing to cater for future expected needs of the animation market. In year 2000, an animation studio paid $2.8 million producing the animation Lotus Lantern. The animated motion picture made a box-office-revenue of $2.5 million. Some years later, Qins Moon the popular Chinese series was released in 2007. It used striking 3D CGI and thrilling stories. Its 3rd season episodes were aired on June 2010. From a demographics position, in 2009, the consumer market in PRC is divided as follows, 9% of the viewers are below 13 years of age, 60% are between 14 to 17 years of age and 31% over an age of 18, including more than 650 million animation fans. From the economic viewpoint, Quatech Research, in 2009, surveyed, people aged between fifteen and thirty in the main modern Chinese cities; Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai; and found that over $165 million was disbursed for animation products, however over 85% of profits flowed directly out of China. Additional reviews showed that 62% of the consumers favour animations from Japan, 28% support US animations and just 10 % favour animations made in PRC or Hong Kong. While the animation industry has progressed technologically well (e.g. using 3D CGI and mocap), and has mostly caught-up with competing countries in 2010, it still has much effort to do to change the people support for Chinese production. 6. Future of Animation in PRC Since the invention of the Zoetrope, animation has evolved to an amazing quality and complexity. Most animation products are nowadays being developed using the most advanced techniques and 3D CGI based technologies and motion capture. 3D CGI technologies are well established at US and Japanese animation studios, and start to be used for full-length animated film in China as well. In 2010, Chinas original 3-D animated science fiction film Animen was created under the direction of Xu Ke, managing director of the company Hippo Animation House, from Chinese mainland. Using state-of-the-art motion capture technology, it is also the first home-grown 3D sci-fi animation film to be made on the Chinese mainland. More than 50,000 production cels were drawn for the films numerous drafts. Also, more than 1,200 shots of the 90-minute film were added with 3-D effects. The film was in development for six years and its production budget reached $7.3 million. Despite a chaotic history, animation in China is catching up swiftly, and is emerging to become a market leader of animation productions, to join the other powerhouses in USA and Japan. 7. Further Reading Bradford, R.E. (1995) Real-Time Animation Toolkit in C++ John Wiley Sons Inc. China Through a Lens: Li Xiao (2003). Chinese Animation: Splendid Past, Bitter Present [Online]. http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Aug/72789.htm China Market Report (2008), 2009-2012 China Animation Industry Market Research Report, Shenzhen Zero Power Intelligence Co., Ltd. China Market Report (2009), 2010-2013 Annual research and consultation report on China animation, Shenzhen Zero Power Intelligence Co., Ltd. El Rhalibi, A. and Shen, Y. (2004) Animation: Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction. Volume 1. p. 13-17. Berkshire Publishing Group. N. Ersotelos and F. Dong, Building highly realistic facial modelling and animation: a survey, The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 13-30, Nov. 2007. Foley et al (1990) Computer Graphics: Principles Practice 2nd Edition Wesley 0201848406 Griffin, H. Animators Guide to 2D Animation Focal Press 024051579X, Y Don Hahn The Alchemy of Animation: Making an Animated Film in the Modern Age Disney Editions (7 Oct 2008) History of Chinese Animation. [Online] (Retrieved on 11st July 2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation Kit Laybourne (1998), The Animation Book. Crown Publications; 2nd Revised edition John A. Lent (2000), Animation in Asia and the Pacific, John Libbey Publishing John A. Lent (2009) Animation in South Asia, Studies in South Asian Film and Media Volume 1 Number 1 Â © 2009 Intellect Ltd. [Online] http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/pdf/10.1386/safm.1.1.101_1?cookieSet=1 Peter Lord, and Brian Sibley (2004) Cracking Animation: The Aardman Book of 3-D Animation; Thames Hudson; 2 edition (22 Nov 2004) Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D. (1996) Interactive Computer Animation Prentice Hall Kelly L. Murdock 3ds Max 2010 Bible John Wiley Sons; (28 July 2009) Kerlow, I. V. (2000) The Art of 3-D Computer Animation and Imaging Van Nostrand Reinhold 0442018967 List of Chinese animated films. [Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_animated_films Parent, R. (2001) Computer Animation: Algorithms and Techniques Morgan-Kaufmann, San Francisco Chris Patmore (2003), The Complete Animation Course: The Principles, Practice and Techniques of Successful Animation. Thames Hudson (4 Aug 2003) Qins Moon Series. (2007-2010), [Online]. http://www.qinsmoon.com/CHS/new/main2.php Robert Reinhardt and Snow Dowd, Flash CS4 Professional Bible John Wiley Sons; Pap/Cdr edition (6 Feb 2009) Ronan, Colin A; Joseph Needham (1985). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press Susannah Shaw, Stop Motion: Craft Skills for Model Animation. Focal Press (Visual Effects and Animation); 2 edition (3 April 2008) Thomas, F. Johnson, O. (1981) Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life Abbeville Press New York 089659498X Milt Vallas (1998) China-The Awakening Giant: Animation And Broadcasting In The Mainland, Animation World Magazine Issue 3.5 August 1998, [Online] http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.5/3.5pages/3.5vallas.html Watt, A. Watt, M. (1992) Animation and Rendering Techniques Theory and Practice Addison -Wesley 0201544121

the waste land :: essays research papers

The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot Part 1 - Burial of the Dead April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers. Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten And drank coffee, and talked for an hour. Bin gar keine Russin, stamm' aus Litauen, echt deutsch. And when we were children, staying at the arch-duke's, My cousin's, he took me out on a sled, And I was frightened. He said, Marie, Marie, hold on tight. And down we went. In the mountains, there you feel free. I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter. What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man, You canot say, or guess, for you know only A heap of broken images, where the sun beats, And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, And the dry stone no sound of water. Only There is shadow under this red rock, (Come in under the shadow of this red rock), And I will show you something different from either Your shadow at evening rising to meet you; I will show you fear in a handfull of dust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frish weht der Wind   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Der Heimat zu   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mein Irisch Kind,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wo weilest du? 'You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; They called me the hyacinth girl.' --Yet when we came back, late, from the hyacinth garden, Your arms full and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence. Oed'und leer das Meer. Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante, Had a bad cold, nevertheless Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe, With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she, Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor, (Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!) Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks, The lady of situations. Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel, And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card, Which is blank, is something he carries on his back, Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find The Hanged Man. Fear death by water. I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring. Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone, Tell her I bring the horoscope myself: One must be so careful these days. Unreal City, Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,

Silent Epidemic :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I wish I’d die right then† this was â€Å"Laetitia† reaction when she found out she was infected with HIV. (Breaking 36) Imagine living in a home in Africa, with 10 other people including yourself, then finding out that two of them live with one of the worst epidemics ever AIDS! What can the residents of Africa do to stop it? Is there a possibility that it could be stopped? Scientist have a number of theories about this epidemic, but recent news show that AIDS is not as silent as predicted. Where does the virus come from? Who is involved in this epidemic? Who are the most affected? Answer is the residents of the continent of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"AIDS epidemic may be just one of the latest of sexual Mammalian cross-species viral transfer, triggers by the techniques of virology developed in the 20th century, which subsequently spread out of control in the new host species. Which there was a missing link too.† (Breaking N.P.) According to most scientist it has been said that AIDS first appeared in Mid-Africa in 1959, in Leopoloville, The Bulling Congo, and Kinshasa, Africa. It does suppose to have come from a â€Å"single common ancestor†. What is meant is that it might have come from a vaccine that the United States secret military service was trying to create for polio. (Curtis 54)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. hired a naturalized American polio researcher from Switzerland named Hilary Koprowsky. Dr. Koprowsky traveled to the epicenter of the epidemic ¾Belgian Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Dr. Koprowsky believed that by contracting liquid from chimps, or monkeys it would avoid the contamination of polio. Reason for that is because he would do test among the apes, and they would be immune to it. He then first tried the vaccine on children who where suppose to be â€Å"mentally deficient†. Then several African citizens would volunteer to be vaccinated for money. Four years later Dr. Koprowsky warned congress that it could be dangerous, and that the experiments should be stopped. Between 1957-60, a missing link was found in chimps from Gallo. Monkeys, and it’s kingdom have a virus similar, therefore if it is transfer to human, it turns into Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), after a period of 7-10 years or less it turns on to AIDS. This led to find out that AIDS virus would eventually turn up on humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several tribes all over Africa. Silent Epidemic :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I wish I’d die right then† this was â€Å"Laetitia† reaction when she found out she was infected with HIV. (Breaking 36) Imagine living in a home in Africa, with 10 other people including yourself, then finding out that two of them live with one of the worst epidemics ever AIDS! What can the residents of Africa do to stop it? Is there a possibility that it could be stopped? Scientist have a number of theories about this epidemic, but recent news show that AIDS is not as silent as predicted. Where does the virus come from? Who is involved in this epidemic? Who are the most affected? Answer is the residents of the continent of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"AIDS epidemic may be just one of the latest of sexual Mammalian cross-species viral transfer, triggers by the techniques of virology developed in the 20th century, which subsequently spread out of control in the new host species. Which there was a missing link too.† (Breaking N.P.) According to most scientist it has been said that AIDS first appeared in Mid-Africa in 1959, in Leopoloville, The Bulling Congo, and Kinshasa, Africa. It does suppose to have come from a â€Å"single common ancestor†. What is meant is that it might have come from a vaccine that the United States secret military service was trying to create for polio. (Curtis 54)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. hired a naturalized American polio researcher from Switzerland named Hilary Koprowsky. Dr. Koprowsky traveled to the epicenter of the epidemic ¾Belgian Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Dr. Koprowsky believed that by contracting liquid from chimps, or monkeys it would avoid the contamination of polio. Reason for that is because he would do test among the apes, and they would be immune to it. He then first tried the vaccine on children who where suppose to be â€Å"mentally deficient†. Then several African citizens would volunteer to be vaccinated for money. Four years later Dr. Koprowsky warned congress that it could be dangerous, and that the experiments should be stopped. Between 1957-60, a missing link was found in chimps from Gallo. Monkeys, and it’s kingdom have a virus similar, therefore if it is transfer to human, it turns into Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), after a period of 7-10 years or less it turns on to AIDS. This led to find out that AIDS virus would eventually turn up on humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several tribes all over Africa.

Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong as Metaphor Essay example -- Things

Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong as Metaphor  Ã‚   The Vietnam War is a strange and unexplainable event in American history. The controversies surrounding the American involvement in Vietnam and the need for Vietnam veterans to tell their stories of the war are prevalent in the post-Vietnam culture of America. "The stories that will last forever are those that swirl back and forth across the border between trivia and bedlam, the mad and the mundane"(89). The story of the sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong explains this quote of the veteran stories never make exact sense, but they are stories from a war that never quite made exact sense either. The story of "Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong," involving a young girl coming to Vietnam for her boyfriend, becomes a metaphor for the rite of passage that a young soldier would experience during his service in Vietnam. The other soldiers in the medical detachment were shocked and amazed at the arrival of Mary Anne, Mark Fossie's girlfriend. She arrived in a typical Americana glory, with her "strawberry ice cream complexion," and in a somewhat lost and tired daze. Her journey was a myriad of plane connections and layovers. Even in her arrival a metaphor is seen as to how a soldier would arrive in Vietnam. The exact arrival of soldiers into the war is somewhat a confusing and shocking fact of debate. Mary Anne was only seventeen when she arrived in Vietnam, but the soldiers over fighting were not much older than her, many the exact same age. After the initial shock of landing in Vietnam wore off, Mary Anne became curious of her surroundings and what was going on in the war. This also is what a young soldier would experience during his first days of service, and he was trying to u... ...ut the hidden thoughts and feelings of the narrator are the real things that need to be examined. The Vietnam War is so colluded with uncertainties that it's meaning and questions of why are still lingering in the minds of citizens of the United States. Although this interpretation of the metaphor is not one that many adhere to when they first read the story, it is one that deserves some attention. The story can be seen as this transformation of the soldier while serving in Vietnam. This story explains some of the smaller battles that the soldiers went through. They fought for their own identity, killing, and survival. All these battles can be seen through Mary Anne and her trails while in Vietnam. The story of Mary Anne ends with her going to the jungles of Vietnam never to be seen again, and this happens to the soldiers, they will always have Vietnam in them.

Carolyn Kizer’s Bitch: Closing the Doors on the Past Essay

The poem â€Å"Bitch† by Carolyn Kizer, published in 1984, is one that truly grasps the reader’s attention, beginning with the title itself. The overall tone of this poem intertwines the feelings of sadness and anger and also reveals quite a bit about the speaker’s past. The speaker is referring to her inner self as the â€Å"bitch† and her hurt condition is clearly present throughout the poem. She uses words such as â€Å"bark, growling, slobbers and whimper† to drive this meaning across to the reader. It is in the speaker’s own representation of her inner self as a â€Å"bitch,† one that not only bark[s] hysterically,† but also may â€Å"whimper,† and even â€Å"cringe†. The speaker is easily inclined to remember past memories from the relationship and struggles with revealing her inner emotions and putting on a calm outward appearance. This is an experience which is quite familiar to me, as a reader. I am often faced with the choice of being a â€Å"bitch† to someone (ex-boyfriend, annoying relative, a backstabbing friend†¦ etc) and showing how I truly feel or being a controlled and relaxed young woman. Kizer uses the imagery of a dog throughout the poem to show the speaker’s different emotions. Bitch† begins by describing an encounter between the speaker and an ex-lover. Lines 1 and 2 (â€Å"Now, when he and I meet†¦ growling†) reveal that these two have not kept in contact over the years. Although the speaker feels hurt and angry about the past, she tells herself to control her emotions. She is fghting with herself to not let her true feelings show. Should she scream out in anger or break down in tears to express her hurt state? Or should she stay quiet and maintain her calm nature? There is obviously tension present in these first few lines. At this point in the poem, the reader does not know ow or why this relationship ended, but the break-up clearly hurt the â€Å"bitch† more than it hurt her lover. The speaker displays an outward appearance of kindness and self-control, while she is really growing more and more furious inside (lines 5 and 6). My voice says, â€Å"Nice to see you, as the bitch starts to bark hysterically’). In line 7 (â€Å"He isn’t an enemy now’) the speaker is telling herself that she should not be dwelling on the past because her ex cant hurt her anymore. The â€Å"bitch† seems to be doing fine in controlling her emotions until line 9 when her ex-lover asks her: *dow are the children? They must be growing up. An immediate change of tone occurs here. There is an internal struggle going on between her heart and her mind. The speaker’s mind is telling her to be polite to her ex, forget the past and move on. The bitch’s heart, on the other hand, is keeping her from moving on and causing her to struggle with feelings of desire. This is clear, for example, in lines 10-13: â€Å"Ata kind word from him†¦ Down, girl! Keep your distance. † The speaker knows that if she up getting hurt. Kind words and gestures can often be deceiving and I have learned that unfortunately charming people are dangerous. I have been hurt numerous times y such personalities by only looking at their kind side and ignoring other flaws. The bitch is warning herself to not get caught up in this trap of feelings again. Quite a bit of information about the past is exposed in (lines 17-21): † She is basically loyal†¦ Until he was ready to play. This means that the speaker was always loyal and kind to her lover, but he was bored with her and still thought that she was not good enough. The imagery here is being compared to the relationship between an owner and his loving and loyal dog. Some words that emphasize this relationship are â€Å"running†, â€Å"lay at his feet†, and â€Å"ready to play’. A bitch is always ready to do what one wants and it is clear that this was the sor t of relationship that the speaker and her lover had. If he wanted her to wait for something, she was willing to wait. If he needed something, she would get it for him. If she was given an order, she would immediately act upon it. The image of an obedient dog comes to mind while reading these ending stanzas. Although the speaker is struggling with feelings of anger and repression, she still desires reconciliation. Her emotions are running wild with memories of her past, but she knows she can’t express them. She wants to be the bigger person in this uncomfortable situation because she knows she will end up getting hurt again if she â€Å"barks† or â€Å"whimpers†. In the final lines of the poem, from lines 28 to 34, the speaker reveals her final thoughts and emotions of the past and, especially, for this man, whom she cared for. The speaker seems to have given up her tender feelings for him. As she reveals these aspects, she also gives the readers and the â€Å"bitch,† or at least the woman that she was, some information on this man she has been speaking to. The readers learn that the unidentified man has perhaps remarried? (Line 31) Since he bitch sees that he has moved on with his life, she knows that it is only right that she does as well.