Financial Ratios and Division Managers Essay Example for Free

Financial Ratios and Division Managers EssayThe front desk receptionist routinely takes an extra 20 minutes of lunch to run personal errands. Agency job she took an extra 20 minutes to do her personal errands instead of working, which she puts her own self interests before the best interests of the company. Occurred cost the salary that the company pays to her. The solution would figure on the boss on her work performance in the past. If she has an in-chief(postnominal) personal errand to do during that time, then boss might need to talk to her and relieve the solution for her. This problem can be final dealt by clocking-in and clocking-out even time for lunch hours.B) Division managers are padding cost estimates so as to show short-term efficiency gains when the costs come in demoralise than the estimates. Agency worry Division managers use their authority to mislead information and a problem exists when management and stockholders have conflicting ideas on how the compa ny should be run in short-term. It get out mess up the management in baffle to fancy costs. Also it might ruin the number balance sheets and which could affect future gains. This might mean that the division managers who wish to engage in jacket crown expenditures can now secure a short-term benefit from lower estimates.Occurred cost The solution is management should monitor division managers performance and might delve managers the performance shares which result in contacting the stated performance goals. These goals must be more efficient and accurate in order for management to plan goal to generate profit. Agency cost By reducing and by providing appropriate incentives to align the interests to division managers. C) The firms chief executive incumbent has secret talks with a competitor about the possibility of a merger in which he would become the CEO of the combined firms.Agency Problem The chief executive officer risks negative behavior because of dealing with the compe tition and did not involve his companys best interests. He is putting his call for of planning a secret merger with his competition, which most likely can result potential profit for him, and possibly his company, if the merger is a positive one. Since he knows that his merger will occur (due to the fact of his direct under the table dealings with his competition), he can then go forward openly with his own company to promote the merger. Occurred cost The CEO should know himself and the risks of CEO everywhereconfidence.His behavior results in exactly this type of good faith mismanagement of the business. It is very important that the company should continue improving both legal and non-legal mechanisms that remedy conflict-of-interest problems by guarding against looting, fraud, and other forms of bodied corruption and disloyalty and by incentivizing managers to maximize shareholder value. The added challenge for corporate governance is to move beyond managerial motives to accou nt more for human psychology and how managers actually behave and make business decisions when they are well-intentioned.D) A secernate manager lay off experienced fulltime employees and staffs customer service positions with part-time or temporary workers to lower employment costs and raise this years branch profit. The managers bonus is based on profitability. Agency Problem the branch manager created the personal goal to get more bonuses which depends on profitability and did not look into the companys performance. Occurred cost the management should be able to see that profitability does not come from sales.The cross sectionalisation analysis helps the analyst to find out as to how a particular firm has performed in relation to its competitors. Time-Series analysis evaluates performance overtime by examine current to the past performance. To look at significant year-to-year changes may be symptomatic of a major problem. Time series analysis helps to the firm to value whether the firm is approaching the long-term goals or not. The Time series analysis looks for (1) important trends in financial performance (2) shift in trend over the years (3) significant deviation if any from the other set of data.So, I will compare the actual year 2007, 2008 and 2009. Liquidity by look at the current ratio and nimble ratio that evaluating the speed with which certain accounts are converted into cash and its look at the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations. As actual year 2009 the current ratio (2. 48) and quick ratio (1. 35) higher than the industry intermediate and the higher is the better for company. If we look at the balance sheet we will see that the current summation and the current liability is decreased which is the big decreased from accounts payable.This shows that Marin Manufacturing Company have enough quick assets to pay off all current liabilities. Activity It shows relationship between the sales the assets. By evaluate inventory tu rnover, average collection conclusion, and total asset turnover. As the inventory turnover of the Marin Manufacturing Company is less the industry average which I recommends that the company should manage inventory more efficiently. The average collection period is higher than both industry average and the past year which the manager should emphasis on the collection to decrease this number.It direction that they have to change their constitution of lending business for more efficiency of debt collection. The total asset turnover for the actual year is 1. 6 which more then the past year still it still less than the industry average. So, the company needs to increase sakes to meet the industry average. Debt can analyze by debt ratio and time interest realise ratio. The debt ratio of actual year 2009 is higher than the industry average it continue increasing since year 2007-2008. Its means that the company has high leveraged and might borrows more specie in the year 2008.Also the higher debt ratio means higher risk for lenders and investors. For the time interest ratio which decrease from year 2008 at 1. 9 to be 1. 6 in year 2009 and lower than industry average it means the company might facing the risk that cash flows from operations will be insufficient to cover interest and principal payment. Profitability by evaluate gross profit margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. Gross Profit tolerance is measuring how much amount is left to meet other expenses earn net profit which actual 2009 is at 27% that higher than the industry average (26%).Its mean that the company has high ability to sell goods at intended selling price. At 0. 65 % of net profit margin that decrease from 1. 1 % in 2007 to 1. 0% in year 2008 and less than industry average (1. 2%) that create low safety to the company. The higher risk that a rule out in sales will erase profits and might result in net loss. The ROA and ROE both in year 2009 are diminish to be less than the industry aver age and decresing from the past year. This show that the managerment is not managing asset effeicincy or assets are not being utilized effectively and lower ROE might caused by high debt.It seem like when this company are not very attractive for invertor if they looking at return on stockholders investment which is decreasing to be lower than industry averange. Market can analyze from P/E ratio and M/B ratio. For P/E in year 2009 is 34. 4 compare with the industry average at 43. 4 which lower and if compare to the past year it lower than year 2008. It means that investors are not perceive good growth potential of Marin Manufacturing Company.

Text & Cases Problem Essay Example for Free

Text Cases Problem Essay16 to 30150,000.000.949,000.0031 to 4575,000.000.8015,000.0046 to 6045,000.000.6515,750.0061 to 7515,000.000.507,500.00Over 7515,000.0015,000.00Total51,750.0015,000.00a. Appropriate balance for AFDA is $ 51,750.00(equals to Allowance Amount in the Aging Schedule)b. show of Accounts receivable in isotropy SheetAccounts Receivable735,000.00Less Allowance for provisional Accounts51,750.00Net, Accounts Receivable683,250.00c. Dollar Effect of Bad Debt ExpenseAFDA, Beginning Balance37,500.00AFDA, Write-Off(15,000.00)AFDA, Movement29,250.00AFDA, Ending Balance51,750.00Dollar Effect of Bad Debt Expense is $ 29.250.00(equals to movement amount of AFDA)Case 5-1 Question 1Stern confederacyGeneral Journal(in USD)DateAccountDr.Cr.2010Dec31Accounts Receivable9,965,575.00Sales9,965,575.0031Cash9,685,420.00Accounts Receivable9,685,420.0031Allowance for Doubtful Accounts26,854.00Accounts Receivable26,854.0031Accounts Receivable4,594.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts4,594 .0031Cash2,108.00Accounts Receivable2,108.0031Cash1,566.00Accounts Receivable1,566.0031Bad Debt Expense29,886.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts29,886.00Case 5-1 Question 2(in USD)AccountBeginning Balance, 2010Movement, 2010Ending Balance, 2010Cash671,344.009,689,094.0010,360,438.00Accounts Receivable988,257.00254,221.001,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts29,648.007,626.0037,274.00Sales9,965,575.009,965,575.00Bad Debt Expenses29,886.0029,886.00a. Accounts Receivable balance as of Dec 31, 2010 is $ 1,242,478.00 b. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts balance as of Dec 31, 2010 is $ 37,274.00Case 5-1 Question 31 authoritative Ratio incumbent asset=13,574,107.00=9.4915Current Liabilities1,430,132.00Current AssetCash10,360,438.00Accounts Receivable1,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts(37,274.00)U.S Treasury Securities274,060.00Inventories1,734,405.00Total Current Asset13,574,107.002Acid Test RatioCurrent Monetary Asset=11,839,702.00=8.2787Current Liabilities1,430,132.00Current M onetary AssetCash10,360,438.00Accounts Receivable1,242,478.00Allowance for Doubtful Accounts(37,274.00)U.S Treasury Securities274,060.00Total Current Monetary Asset11,839,702.003Days ReceivableAccounts Receivable=1,242,478.00=45.5071DaysSales / 36527,302.95

The Development And Growth Of Capitalism

The Development And Growth Of CapitalismI go out imagine in particular at the flora of Max Weber regarding his Protestant ethical codeal code Theory and Karl Marx alternative theories to explain how capitalism came about in Europe.I will first look at the historical background of both theorists and the literal historical events which influenced central Europe during the 19th century. These events such(prenominal) as the industrial revolution atomic number 18 important to understand how capitalistic modes of economic and societal arrangements certain and what were the contributing factors to this phylogenesis.It is important to in like manner look at the present Modern Capitalism of contemporary society, and compare it to the past to see how capitalism actu ally genuine and expanded, touching the important, often interlinked concept of Globalisation.Modern capitalist society is described as The expansion of international commerce on a large scale, also the flowering of a large scale industry, the triumph of machinery, and the growing power of the great financial houses. In a word, it is the present day union of all these phenomena which really constitutes modern capitalism.Capitalism is the intelligent development of capital, commodities and agency of production in a network of an interconnected markets.Both Weber and Marx offer well-grounded accounts for how capitalism came about, they base their works on historical references and suggest different theories to explain this phenomena.To create a more clear picture I will also compare the works of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim and Simmel. These will be useful as they will offer alternative approaches and different points of realise which can help to understand the main mechanisms which lead to capitalism development.I will conclude by giving my own opinion based on the constructed induction from various theorists on how Capitalism came about in Europe. I will try to asses what have bee n the most influential factors that brought to this development in this specialised part of the reality.WeberMax Weber was a sociologist, he offered a strategy which basically seeks to describe Capitalism. This surmisal is based on the cover of systematization which Weber believes to be at the roots of Capitalism development.In order to understand Webers Protestant Ethic Theory, it is useful to have a quick look at his family background Weber was born in a middle class family, his father was a business man and embraced liberal values, described as a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures.On the other hand, Webers Mother appeared to have contrasting ideologies with the husband. She was a strong Calvinist who embraced puritan values and absolutist ideas. dapple Webers father was the typical image of the capitalist entrepreneur which invested and indulged in the luxuries of life, Webers mother reflected the conservative, minimalist puritan Calvinist spirit.It is no doubt that Weber w as thorn amid these to views and a lot of his work is influenced by the discrepancies between his parents.Weber was also interested in how organized religion influenced identities and values in central Europe. This interest could be linked to his mother strong religious values and how Weber saw a connection between Protestantism and Capitalism.Weber constructed his idea of the Protestant ethic to explain how capitalism came about. He bases his work on the question Why did Capitalism begin in Western Europe instead than Asia?.He argued that the Protestant religion, among with its branches such as Calvinism, created the perfect ideals and behaviours which helped spread and promote capitalism. And suggested that the existence and development of Protestantism in Western Europe, together with the development of Capitalism in Western Europe were two interlinked events.Weberss indeed describes religion as the core process which brought to capitalism development in Western Europe. Weber employ his rationalization possibility to compare religions around the world and found that the most rational religious system was Calvinism. He believed other world religions such as Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism were more irrational and accordingly inhibited capitalism development.The nature of Protestantism and Calvinism does actually reflect possible rational behaviours this is shown in the ideal of preordination which is embedded in Protestants, this means that ones position in society has been stubborn by a higher authority (God) and therefore individuals should not complain for their position in society. This merged very well with the development of capitalism as the process of industrial revolution in capitalist development involved large amount of property-less labourers which worked for the few rich property owners.While the concept of predestination helped to suggest an explaination for ones position in society, rationalization was manifested in Protestantism by the puritan minimalist ideology. Most protestants were afraid of divine judgement, unable to be forgiven by the non-Christian priest like catholics, protestants searched for an answer in their behaviour. Many protestants lived minimalist lives to escape from lifes luxuries and therefore behaved in a rational manner by accumulating, working hard and creating wealthiness to prove to themselves and others that they were predestined to have success and go to heaven.A difficulty in using Webers works to understand capitalism is that his expalinations are very specific to the historical periods that he studied. Because of this it becomes more difficult to compare and place the protestant ethic theory into context with the capitalism of future periods. While the protestant ethic theory might serve an explanation for capitalism development at the time, it is harder to believe of Protestantism development as the driving factor for capitalism. Webers theory acknowledges that culture is the refore the driving factor for economic development and not vice versa.In my opinion Webers explanations are highly specific to particular historical periods and cannot be used to compare and describe capitalism at a later period in time. This is because ethical values and ideas are under constant change and shoot to fit with the contemporary society.More criticism on Webers theory is that capitalism began much earlier in history and that Calvinism alone did not serve in developing economic growth and capitalistic modes of production and consumption.Joseph Schumpeter argues that capitalism began much before the industrial revolution. Italy in the 14th century was composed of many downhearted independent city states like Florence, Milan and Venice and these were the first forms of capitalistic societies which appeared Through trade and high accumulation of capital these Italian city states represent the first capitalistic modes of economic organisation.Other empirical evidence shows how countries with a relative popular Calvinist religion did not always score high economically and in developing capitalism. For example Scotland and the Netherlands although predominantly Calvinist states, did not develop at the same speed of England or the mainly Catholic state of Belgium.Recent works have shown how Protestantism influenced capitalism not because of the protestant morals and values, but more so because of the promotion of education and literacy that Protestantism brought in Europe.As capitalism was a process which had already begun before the religious Reformation, it is difficult to imagine that capitalism would not have developed under a Catholic religion. Contemporary empirical evidence shows how capitalism modes can be applied to almost any country disregarding religious differences.The spread of capitalism throughout the world does not adopt the protestant values in order to be ethically tolerable for people, therefore it is hard to believe that Protestan t culture influenced the economy. Rather more believable is Karl Marxs approach which describes how economical development and growth shapes cultures and values in society.MarxKarl Marx offers us a different approach than Webers which is useful in understanding capitalistic development in Western Europe.Marx was born in a middle class family, he was strongly influenced by Hegel. Unlike Weber, Marx sought to influence the mint candyes rather than the elites of power. His ideas offer a theory of a capitalist society based on the simplistic nature of tender beings.He believed that it is in the nature of human beings to be productive in order to survive, provide for themselves and live life.Marx argues that it is only in capitalistic society where the breakdown of human actions becomes so acute and rational that it creates negative effects.Marxs describes the process of Alienation as the crux of the problems with capitalist society. By Alienation he means the process where the actor feels alienated/foreign to his labour. He contrasts how previously workers were in close contact with their costumers and to a fuller part of business experience which supplied more gratifying incentives and values for the worker.Capitalism brought the hallucination of the worked as with the industrial revolution masses of people became employed in jobs where producers do not have contact with consumers, therefore creating a dehumanising effect.Marx in the fetishism of commodities describes how the worker is alienated from his product because he no longer owns that product. This shift in ownership from the individual producer to a single individual (boss) who controls the production creates the alienation of the worker.Marx focus was directed more at the individual rather than to culture in understanding capitalism. He believed that economic development shaped culture and that religion was merely an epiphenomenon.The general Marxist view is that of a capitalistic boss which is lazy , tyrannical and demanding. This had a negative influence on the workers which were abused and largely put-upon by capitalistic owners which benefited from this mode of production.This can be interpreted as a process of rationalization, this is shown in the way that it is more rational to have mass production instead of individual production. Workers required abilities were reduced and their tasks became more and more simple, repetitive and uniform, leaving most of the benefits of rationalization to the property owners, while negatively impact the low class workers which were alienated from their labour and society.SimmelSimmel in his works touches what Marx had achieved with his works on alienation. Providing a micro point of view Simmel suggests that the Urbanization of society ( endeavor of masses from countryside to cities) which began with the industrial revolution, created capitalistic centres for finance, business and trade. This offers a theory which is based on the topic of migration.In my opinion it offers a more plausible explanation than Weber as it analyses broader events such as the industrial revolution and population density shifts which more strongly than religion influenced economys need for rationalization and more businesslike modes of production in order to provide for all.The focus of Simmel on individual interactions rather than Weber and Marx preoccupation with large scale issues such as capitalistic Development and Rationalization of society, helped to actually create a broader point of view which stems from the individual to represent the reality of an entire society which is becoming more Blas. This means that individuals, overwhelmed by the large amounts of commodities and stimuli present in urban environments are becoming more unaffected by society and the world around us. Basically it describes a process of appendd individualisation where everything has become commoditised and capital is used in almost every relation in our li fe, making society blas.This blas theory finds similarities with Marx theory of alienation. Both describe a problem of individuals relations in a capitalist society where feelings and ethics are given up for greater rationality, calculability and uniformity.These are the negatives of the process of capitalism which is growing more and more in contemporary society.mile DurkheimBorn from a high class background, Durkheim theories ofDurkheim developed a theory of individual behaviour. He divided social facts in material and non material facts.Durkheim described non-material social facts such as institutions and culture and material social facts such as bureaucracy and law.In his work the division of labour in societyConclusionLooking at the four theorists which seek to understand capitalism development in Western Europe I have came up with critiques and praises for various theories.I find it hard to support Webers protestant ethic theory as it assumes that cultural development shapes e conomic development. There is a lot of empirical evidence which suggest that economic development was already running in West Europe under a capitalistic mode of production prior to the religious reformation which brought the rise of Protestantism, Calvinism and other branches.Weber fails to address the vastness of migration, urbanization and the increase of rationalization as the main factors for capitalistic development, instead he seeks to find the origins of capitalism in a set of values and ethics belonging only to a section of society. Evidence shows that not always Protestant states dominated economically compared to Catholic states. The origins of capitalism date back to much earlier historical periods and can be explained by Webers theory of rationalization, but the empirical importance on religion in capitalism development is amplify and perhaps a broader view taking into account religion, economic development and rationalization is perhaps more useful.Marx theory of ali enation is also useful in understanding capitalism development, indeed the increased rationalization brought by capitalism had a strong influence in workers alienation and in a increase of productivity in exchange for a loss in creativity and lead to the development of a mass production mass consumption system which laid out the foundations for a labour-capital intensive economic system that we call capitalism. Marx focuses on universal ethical values that clash with capitalism, these are Justice, Liberty and Equality, and sees capitalism as the process that undermines these ethical values.Marx solution involves the eventual rebellion of the masses against their capitalist employers, this phenomenon has not happened in most of the capitalist world and it seems that capitalism as we know today is the most Just system that is available today.Marxism perhaps gives too much importance to economic development failing to broaden itself to accommodate cultural development and transformati on in society during capitalism development, this cultural development is linked to increased rationalism which is embedded in human nature and the increased individualization of the individual which is a process which greatly influenced the development of capitalism together with economic development and profit maximisation.

The effects of aids on society

The effects of aids on societyDistinguished ladies and gentle workforce, straightaway am privileged to name this precious moment with you to debate about the pandemic that has threatened to wipe away the youthful generation of African Americans. By the nature of culturality, the mysterious community in United States is having a heavy burden due to the effects of the disease. Statistical resolves shows that by the end of 2007, nearly half (46%) of the infected were members of the dismal community. In the course of instruction 2006, the bootlegs accounted about 45 % of the new contagious diseases in fifty states as well as District of Columbia.It is very sad to find out that up to now many members of the black community be still losing their lives in a disease that can be easily fudgeled. It is estimated that 230,000 blacks in U.S. have lost their lives as a result of aid. These deaths represent a 40% of either the deaths. Statistics likewise show that about one millio n people live with the virus in America today with half of them coming from the black community. To you members of the panel do you believe on the statistical reports that indicate African American citizens contributing to 40% of human immunodeficiency virus acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic deaths?As a racial group, the blacks represent only 13% of the countrys total population. Estimations indicate that black masculines are exposed to the risk of being infected with I person in every six likely to be infected with the virus. For females, 1 out of every 30 of them is risquely exposed than livid males. Washington D.C has the countrys highest HIV prevalence with of its infected population coming from the black community.Ladies and gentlemen, reports from the National HIV/AIDS Strategy African American makes up the biggest fracture of the HIV cases across many infected groups. These groups involve hetero internals, homo knowledgeables, women, infants and drug spendrs .Before we embark in the journey of fighting the epidemic in the community, we need to supplicate ourselves why members of the black community are disproportionately infected by the virus and how do they view the disease. According to you members of the panel, what do you think is the reason bottomland this disproportionate infection of blacks? I would likewise like you the members of the panel to figure out question that demands our attention is to try and figure out strategies being taken to mitigate the number of cases being highlighted in clinics and other health institutions across the country. As facilitators what do you think are the necessary strategies needed to be undertaken to control the spread?First and foremost, I would like to begin the discussion by looking at the first cases of the disease among the blacks. The epidemic first came into the public calcium light in early 1980s. At first, the epidemic affected mainly the gay male population and drug users who used intravenous methods to inject drugs into their bodies. In the year 1983, the US focalize for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came out with the evidence of the first two cases of HIV in women. The two ladies acquired the virus finished sexual coitus with a drug user who used intravenous method to inject the drugs into his body. One of the ladies was of a Latin origin while her counterpart was a black.Since then, the disease started spreading at a high rate among the members of the black community. Women especially, were affected and five years later, the blacks accounted for 50 percent of all the AIDS cases in America. Im afraid to say that currently, sixty percent of women infected with the virus come from the black community (http//www.avert.org/hiv-african-americans.htm).Earlier on, a bigger problem was the reflection of the epidemic by the American media as a disease typical to purity gay men. The blacks were provided with few reasons to believe that the disease could in like manner affect them, despite the king-sized portion of the early cases in bisexual and gay community coming from the black men. From the outset, black American heterosexual children and adults were mainly infected by white heterosexuals. From your perspective, do you blacks are at a higher risk than the whites?Im delighted to inform you that the first group to confront the epidemic through the enlightenment of the members of the black community was the San Franciscan Gay community or Black and White Men Together (BWMT). This movement was significant not only for counting Reggie Williams as one of its followers, but also gave rise to an AIDS organization. I personally would like to salute Williams as one of the first gay black activistic who worked for many years to deal with deaths and enlightened homosexual members of the black community. Do you think Williams contribution to addressing the disease had significant impacts on the fight against the disease? The tap became s uccessful and ultimately led to provision of first ever donation by CDC to prevent the spread of the disease among the black gay community in the year 1998.The concern of the AIDS epidemic among the blacks in 1980s and 1990s was also raised by various highly influential members of the community who were infected with the disease or lost a friend or family members through the diseased. My salutation also goes to gook Robinson, the first black American news anchor. Max openly admitted that he was positive just before he died in 1988. Later on Arthur Ashe died of the same ailment in 1993 with rapper Eazy-E beaming other victim in 1995.May be the most influential AIDS victim of black origin who is still alive today is the basket formal player Ervin Johnson. He admitted that he was positive in 199. His assertion that any one can contract the disease showed a significant understanding that the AIDS epidemic was not just a disease typical to gays. Other individuals who have contributed in raising the profile in the black community include Jesse Jackson who became another famous black man to join other well known blacks in addressing the epidemic.The main risk factor among the blacks is sexual transmission. Having defenseless sex is the major likely cause of the disease. 43 % of the blacks vivification with the disease got the virus through male to male sexual intercourse. A research conducted showed that subject field HIV/AIDS policy showed that half of the black gay males and bisexuals in five well known cities in United States of America being HIV positive. A major study undertaken in 21 cities concluded that almost 1/3 of the black MSM had the AIDS virus. Among this category, the youth are mainly affected. In 2006, many black people in America who had sex with other men were infected with the disease. Also, the disease among this group has increased rapidly. Since 2001 and 2006, yearly HIV diagnoses among the African American MSM aged 13 and 24 went up by 93 % compared to twelve percent among the blacks of all ages. How many of you members of the panel agree with me that sexual intercourse is the leading cause of high rate of spread of the epidemic among the blacks?Many theories have been however proposed regarding the vulnerability of the young black men to the disease through the activities of homosexuality, but none is actually decisive. One theory is the high prevalence of the disease among the many of the members of the community. The risk is enhanced in young men who collaborator with their older male counterparts since older MSM appear to have had a lot of sexual exposure and increasing the risk of contracting the disease.Young African American MSM is also less likely to be informed about their status. This translates into less likelihood for them to take the necessary steps to stop the transmission of the disease. However, other studies have shown that young black take part in risky affairs to a greater degree than young Latin or White males.Also, black women are mainly disproportionately exposed to the disease, with the likely transmission means being heterosexual sexual practices. Eighty five percent of the black women living with HIV virus were exposed to the virus by through this means and make up nearly 50 % of the countrys female population with the disease. Back men living with the virus makes up 22% and were infected through heterosexual means. More than 2/3 of infected men were exposed in this flair to the disease (.http//www.avert.org/hiv-african-americans.htm).There are a lot of economic as well as social factors that come as a result of high levels of sexual HIV infections in the black community. However, higher phases of STDs in this group are also shaped by economic and social factors hence facilitating sexual transmission of the virus. The black Americans have eight times the number the level of Chlamydia, and eighteen times the level of gonorrhea compared to Whites. An evaluation by Unit ed States Centre for Disease and Prevention (CDC) discovered that nearly half (48%) of black females and about forty percent of African American men got infected by venereal herpes in the country compared to 21% of females and 11.5%of men generally. Can anyone of you tell me the possible ways of reducing poverty in our society?Drug use is one of the most likely causes of AIDS epidemic among the members of the black community. In the year 2008, use of drugs was found to contribute a significant portion of all AIDS diagnoses among the blacks. Many black men and women living with the disease were infected through drug injection compared to those of any other race or ethnic group. Blacks injecting drugs have a likelihood of acquiring the in a higher rate and do not live longer after the diagnosis.Poverty also is another main factor that leads to infection of the virus among the black Americans. Poverty forces youths to drop out of school, stopping them from getting good jobs and good e mployment. Poverty also makes youths to lose a sense of value or self worth and attracted to illegal or socially ill habits that can expose them to the disease. Poverty symptoms also influence sexual patterns that enhance the spread of the disease. There is therefore need to pay a lot of attention to both economic and social perspectives in which the disease thrive. One person who has initiated such an idea is the current president Barack Obama. The president in his presidential crusade literature promised to tackle the poverty strike where the victims of the disease proliferate.It is a fact that about of the black American families lives in deplorable conditions, with a higher poverty rate for both single male headed and female headed homes making up to 30 and 40 percent respectively. A focus group that involved the blacks living in North Carolina showed that there is a connection between participants social environment and sexual connections within the community. These factors a lso included institutional stigmatization that lead to lack of employment possibilities and lack of efficiency to obtain mortgage, lack of recreation and high imprisonment rates. Has any one of you experienced any form of stigma in the work place?The super C believe among the blacks is that the government is not doing its mandate to address the need of protecting them from the epidemic. By estimation, half of the CDC budget is aimed at fighting the spread of the disease among the blacks. It is debated that directive the whole CDCs budget to the epidemic in the black community is not enough. What needs to be improved therefore is the size of the budget itself. For the financial year 2009, $ 1.6 billion was required to prevent the spread of the virus. This reflected a far excess budget than $753 million allocated for the year 2008 (.http//www.avert.org/hiv-african-americans.htm).Finally, ladies and gentle men, I would like to conclude my linguistic process by saying that any susta ined and effective attempt to tackle AIDS in United States of America should have positive results for the African American citizens as they make up such a large percentage of the overall infections. The CDCs consideration of and study of entrenched social aspects, like poverty which are the main contributors to the current HIV infection rates, is positive stride and should be seen in all concrete acts taken to alter the trend of HIV infection in the African American community.

The influence of leadership styles

The sictle of leading styles1.1 Background of the StudyThe read is on the influence of leading styles, mediated by corporate burnish that leads to employee fightions based on their perceptions. The test of leadhip is not a recent phenomenon. Various literatures pertaining to styles in leaders indicated that it could be perceived as good when those styles were able to adjust accordingly depending on the situation as being confronted by the individual leader (Bruno and Lay, 2008).According to Byrme and Bradley (2007) and Koene, Vogelaar and Soeters (2002), introductory studies have underscored that effective styles in leading has been a set of die in promoting competitive advantage and as an important element to the followers (Cassiday, 2005), a recognition through and through the sizeableness of authority in communication as a mixture of various factors (Church, Katigbak, Reyes, Salanga, Miramontes and Adam, 2008), rather than a single reassignable in defining a p erplexing concept (Ligon, Hunter and Mumford, 2008 Mello, 1999). leadership is an ongoing process of interaction amid arrangement of rulesal leaders and their subordinates whereby a leader often attempts to influence the behaviour of their subordinates to obtain goals as set by the organisation (Yukl, 2005). Earlier, leadership was identified as the basic preference of being influential (Krause, 2004). Thus, leadership is a systematic series of action by which an individual influences the ideas, feelings, and actions of others. Leaders have to provide guidance, to facilitate in foreseeing upcoming event to facilitate in recalling achievements to move and to inspire their people. The acts of leadership drive us toward the same direction and equipped our efforts in common. Leadership is the capacity to take hold of other to perform satisfying task that they may decline. It is the process of supporting others toward goal-attainment.On the flip side of the coin, with the absence of leadership, a group of individuals shall engage into contention and disagreement due to matters be seen differently and to incline in different process of solving problems. This means that the level of importance for individual or organisational leaders to positively transform the societies and the crinkle world is crucial.For example, according to Kouzes and Posner (2002) prior studies found U.S. businesses made claimed that leadership has not been realised to be a necessity tool until today. In order to construction the era of ever demanding and evolving business condition, organisations need to be led by leaders who atomic come in 18 capable enough to manage the unpredictable conditions.Therefore, the aspect of leadership is often demanded leaders to engage to walk the talk, to reduce the gap between adopted values and their actual behaviours. This is where leadership oblige an individual to inquire indulgent options in enabling others to engage in an unpleasant frustratio n in reality (Heifetz and Linsky, 2004). Leaders will not be able to address issues as dictated by the modern business world except under the circumstances that they atomic number 18 capable to aid in such abilities allowing them to lead in effect in a complex and unpredictable business climate as most organisational leaders lead through their personal values and beliefs.Leaders must(prenominal) also realise that leadership is a responsibility and not to be enured as personal gratification in organisations top hierarchy. As Naisbitt and Aburdene (1990 in Winston and Patterson, 2006) stated that leaders argon in position to demonstrate strong commitment and always highly motivated by becoming role models who owns blue-chip traits such as consistency, open-mindedness, and high disciplined. Through these traits it would generate more strength and confidence that shall inspire their subordinates.Meanwhile, House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta (2004) stressed that an instance o f seeking the righteous definition edge for effective leadership has been extended over a considerable time as indication of significance worth question of debate. Effective leadership are now crucial to inspire others to work effectively toward various goals as set by organisation and to enhance job performance and organisational success.Thus, to promote effective leadership, it is inseparablely important for organisational leaders to have influence over their superiors, peers and subordinates to guide and to keep up their proposals, ideas and induce them in playacting their own decisions (Blickle, 2003 Drouillard and Kleiner, 1999). It has been a necessity in understanding the relationship between leadership and leader effectiveness in order to identify ways to increase employee motivation level pertaining to achievement in organisational performance (Silverthorne, 2000). As Moorhead and Griffin (1995 in Barbuto Jr., 2000) stated performance behaviour echos as a set of work- related behaviour that an individual should demonstrate in organisation.However, when this topic discussed across different ethnical condition it tends to set forth limitations in the level of knowledge and the insight (Drost and Von Glinow, 1998 in Pellegrini and Scandura, 2008). Leadership exists in various societies and is essential to the functioning of organisations at heart societies. The attributes that are seen as characteristics for leaders may vary across market-gardenings (Den Hartog, House and Hanges, 1999).Several different cultures most often exist within an organisation, but thither is also a predominant corporate culture, expressing central values that are shared by the major(ip)ity (Abrahamsson and Andersen, 1996). According to Hofstede (1994) corporate culture is a phenomenon that differs from subject culture, perhaps most evidently because employees are free to leave the corporation. The organisation is described as a social system, in which the employees are i nvolved only during working hours. The corporate culture may however also influence the leisure time of employees.Schein (1992) analysed culture regarding its degree of visibility and describes terce different levels. Basic underlying assumptions constitute the least visible level, which includes unconscious perceptions, thoughts, feelings and beliefs. Espoused values include strategies, goals and philosophies and artefacts all visible organisational structures and procedures.For instance, a survey by probability of most admired companies has foregrounded CEO respondents belief that organisation culture was their most important tool in order to enhance their key capabilities. Given that the importance of organisational culture and its effects on employees job performance and gratification and organisational commitment outcomes and it is considered as one of the sensational business topics in two academic range of question and popular articles.Judge, Bono, Ilies and Gerhardt (2 002) found that based upon the previous studies on the great man theory, the organisational conditions act as a main determinant of leadership and that leaders act differently in various situation (Yukl, 2002).Therefore, Bass (1985 in Kavanagh and Ashkanasy, 2006) recommended that leaders must actively promote positive transformation in their organisation by directing clear objective also through strong persuasive personal characteristics and actions in transforming internal forms of organisational culture and substance (Bass and Avolio, 1994 in Gardner, Avolio, Luthans, whitethorn and Wolumbwa (2005) Hatch, 1993 in Awbrey (2005) Porras and Robertson, 1992 in Caldwell (2003).Schein (1992 in Twati and Gammack, 2006) acknowledged that leaders in organisations serve as a key influential of organisational culture and since organisational condition and culture reflect on collective social development over which leaders have total control and influence (Mumford, Scott, Gaddis and Strange, 2002). Organisational culture is known to have a strong effect on how employees view their organisational responsibilities and their commitment.Hence, in the same vein, styles in leadership and organisation cultural categories, together with its effects on employees reaction such as job performance, job satisfaction, job commitment and trust in wariness are part of the significant elements in determining the effectiveness, competitiveness and success of organisations in facing todays challenges.Of course, organisational effectiveness, competitiveness and success shall definitely have its usefulness implications upon managers and employees and ultimately enhancing better performance of both components in whatsoever organisational set ups. In this condition, leaders need to determine the best set of actions that are achievable within the ability of their organisations.1.2 Problem StatementAs one of a developing state of matter in South East Asia, Malaysia sees leadership effectiv eness is highly significant in Government-linked-companies (GLC) to shift toward exceptionally outstanding level of performance. The Government-linked-companies (GLC) transformation programme for instance, was initiated and treated as part of current strategy of Malaysian organization to enhance development and stimulate the economy growth as producers, service providers, employers and capital foodstuff constituents in the near future.Respectively, Government-linked companies (GLC) serves as an important asset in the economic structure of the nation since it is worth for approximately RM 260 billion in market capitalisation of 36% and 54% of the market capitalisation in Bursa Malaysia and as a benchmark in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (www.treasury.gov.my). It also contributes in 5% of the national workforce and it remains as the main service providers to the nation in key strategic utilities and services including electricity, telecommunications, postal services, airlines, airpor ts, commonplace transport, water and sewerage, banking and financial services.Therefore, of the major concern for Malaysian organisation especially in the Government-linked companies (GLC) is to stimulate better job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management among its employees. This urgency was due to the management in GLC was labelled as underperformed in terms of its operations and financial indicators since 1990.Thylefors (1991) argues that leadership style or attitudes emanate from leaders personality, in a wider definition. Techniques are important but are inferior to the leaders attitudes. The underlying values and motives of the leaders are the factors that determine whether a leader is successful and appreciated by their subordinates or not. Therefore, there can be effective and appreciated leaders exhibiting different leadership styles.In this particular concern, Eid, Johnsen, Bartone and Nissestad (2008) debated that even though the leadership styles such as transformational and transactional leadership has been researched for the last 15 years, theres still a small amount of studies pertaining to how these styles of leadership been investigated in different culture and work setting. Thus, the problem tilt of this research is represented by a main question such as follows How can the perceptions in leadership styles differences, through the corporate culture function to improve on organisational outcomes and reactions?Despite various attempts of research on leadership traits, characteristics, styles, contingency factors and perception of leader performance and effectiveness, organisational leaders were also summoned to actively interact with and influence others in leading their organisations. It has been realised that less discussion in applying these concepts on Government-linked-companies (GLC) in the context of Malaysia.The general perception by the general public is that private organisations perform better compared to the government owned organisations (Cochran, Mayer, Carr and Cayer, 2003). This applies to current situation in Malaysia as (Azman, 2004 PCG, 2006a) stressed that most observers commented Government-linked companies (GLC) are multi-national status but sustain damages due to arising problems related to internal control, lack of strategic direction which results in destitute on their value in capital and shareholder, low number in production, elevated toward gearing ratio, inefficient in procurement process, and ineffective systems of performance management.This application concept in Government-linked companies (GLC) has also come into another highlight with the selection of its senior managers. The Malaysian government as the main shareholder in the GLC have taken great pains to nominate candidates on the floor of the best candidate fits for the job (Abdullah, 2004 Yakcop, 2004). This is due to situational pressure was put into various levels of GLC in Malaysia to reform its manage rial exercises and to change the organisation in order to attend the new(a) realities in accordance to GLC Transformation Programme introduced in 2004. Therefore, these challenges suits well for charismatic or transformational leadership with hope to perform excellently in the organisation.establish on how leaders are valued, appreciated and respected in the working environment, subordinates or employees at various levels create an impression on their leaders (Altman, 2002 Roberts, 2001). Organisational research on leadership indicated that there was no one perfect style of leadership based on the different types of organisational conditions (Kouzes and Posner, 1997).More importantly, leadership style as being practiced in public sectors is considered as transactional exchange since political support and encouragement was much favoured for example, typical Government-linked-companies (GLC) are run by government nominated individuals. These nominated candidates will be held respon sible in the organisations daily operations. As such, important decisions in the economic sector of the government are left hand to appointed individuals.The appointed individual for the top management position in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) may have been exposed to various management styles however, the primary responsibilities and decision making processes were placed on these individuals, who may or may not have various exposures to management styles and theories. As Yakcop (2004 in www.treasury.gov.my ) says,The point to be made is that there are no artificial barriers with respect to age or gender, whether from internal or external sources, and whether from financial or non-financial background.Javidan and Waldman (2003) contend that there have been small-scale references pertaining to charismatic leadership in the public sector based on literature review although this subject of knowledge has been around for ten years. Many charismatic leaders are skilled in formu lating strategy that would improve on the current situation.While there has been less discussion on leadership in the public sector, hardly a(prenominal)er studies indicate whether or not leaders who practiced transformational leadership could expect improvement in their subordinates (Burke, Stagl, Klein, Goodwin, Salas and Halpin, 2006 Prati, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter and Buckley, 2003 Wofford, Whitington and Goodwin, 2001).According to Parry and Proctor-Thompson (2003) a study of leadership in a federal government had revealed that the transformational leadership approach would result in a higher level of productivity and improved employee satisfaction and job performance. Transformational supervision was defined by Bass (1985) in terms of leaders motivational effect on followers. They feel loyalty, trust, admiration and respect toward the transformational leader. The followers are motivated to serve and achieve more than they were originally expected to. They are inspired to achi eve higher-order needs and are made more alert of the organisations needs for their unique skills and talents.Further, leaders who truly show charismatic leadership and exercise the transformational approach are those who view their array of vision as plastered and have high confidence in their abilities and skills. According to Conger, Kanungo and Menon (2000), the higher the level of self-confidence showed by a leader, the higher their followers will reduce on uncertainties. A charismatic and transformational leader has extended a great amount of effort in their current attempt to achieve their future goals.This study is quotable of consideration because it applies a validated means of measurement, specifically the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), the most accepted instrument to evaluate transformational theory (Kirkbride, 2006) and considered the best validated measurement for both transformational and transactional leadership (Ozaralli, 2003).Therefore, this study shifts the traditional paradigm in leadership studies of business organisations where it explores the leadership in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) settings, its organisational culture dimensions and employees reaction or response.Van De iceberg and Wilderom (2004) concurred that styles in leadership and organisational culture are both closely related. Most of the published literatures in organisational culture prove indistinctiveness between these two components. As Van De Berg and Wilderom (2004, p.578) highlighted there are two important distinction between the two components as mentioned (1) leadership denotes behaviour displayed by one or only few individuals, while culture is a collective behavioural phenomenon, and (2) leadership involves a potentially one-sided dependency relationship.The current issue that to be addressed in this study is despite some(prenominal) desirable outcomes by adapting the transformational leadership concept there is some lack of research in adopting leadership styles in the Government-linked companies (GLC). The outcomes of the transformational leadership approach are such as the employees reactions or responses on their level of performance, organisational commitment and job satisfaction have not been realised in transactional leadership condition.In order to obtain significant data, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ, 5x) developed by Bass and Avolio (1997) was applied to measure how those factors of leadership styles are linked to the perceived organisational culture in the Government-linked-companies (GLC), particularly in the Malaysian perspective.The problem as presented is to seek and to differentiate the results derived from transactional, transformational and laissez-faire situation and to see whether transformational situation is highly correlated to six variables of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ, 5x) developed by Bass and Avolio (1997) namely (1) charisma or inspirational, (2) int ellectual stimulation, (3) individual consideration, (4) contingent rewards, (5) active management by exception and (6) supine avoidant was used to measure how those factors of transformational change are related to organisational culture in Government-linked-companies (GLC) in Malaysia.Based on Bass and Avolios (1994 2004) definitions, the specific variables are such as followsCharisma/inspirational motivation (IM) The way that organisational leaders behave that energises and inspires others by providing mean and challenge toward their task.Intellectual stimulation (IS) The way organisational leaders behave that promotes subordinates efforts in becoming creative and innovative through analysing assumptions, reframing problems, and remodelling old systems into new systems.Individualised consideration (IC) The way organisational leaders focus on understanding the needs of each(prenominal) individual and how leaders act as a coach and mentor to individuals to further achieve and grow. contingent upon(p) reward (CR) This style of leadership consists of communication levels between organisational leaders and their subordinates that stresses on exchange, where the leaders provide appropriate rewards when subordinates achieved the target goals.Active management- by- exception (AMBE) Leaders focus on monitoring task execution for any errors that might arise and correct those problems so as to maintain a standard of high performance.Passive avoidant (PA) Leaders tends to react passively only later problems, mistakes and errors have become serious and later take corrective action and may avoid making any decisions at all.These six variables were considered and compared to the results of employees reactions and outcomes such as their overall job performance, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management. In addition, other variable such as organizational culture was also examined to study the relationship and correlation of the leadership styles.1.3 Research QuestionsAccording to Zikmund (2000), research question is a set of specific query which addressed by the researcher who sets the parameters of the study and suggests appropriate methods to be used for data gathering and analysis purposes. In general, researchers were urged to develop questions that may assist to search for answers and provide any possible solutions to the research problem being studied. Therefore, in this study, attempts to answer those questionnaires are actually to solve the research problem which has been identified.Specifically, the research questions were developed for this study examines the relationship of individual leadership styles and organisations cultural traits as perceived by their subordinates by examining the differentiation in leaders leadership styles.Based on the research objectives, the following questions were developed as followsDoes the elements of transformational style in leadership is significantly positive with the c ultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees?Does the elements of transactional style in leadership is significantly positive with the cultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees?Does the listed elements of laissez-faire style in leadership is significantly positive toward organisational culture in GLCs?Does the listed elements of laissez-faire style in leadership is significantly positive with the cultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees?Do the cultural traits positively mediate the relationship between the leadership styles with employees job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management?Do the cultural traits positively determine on the employees level of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in their management?Do the styles in leadership practised by organisational leaders positively influence on the organisational members job satisfaction, organisa tional commitment and trust in their management?1.3.1 Definition of functional TermsIn this section, the terms utilised in this study was stated and the numbering of those terms measured in Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires (MLQ) questions are indicated as followsContingent Rewards was defined as an incentives or gifts to organisational members who have attained excellent level of performance (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Bass, Avolio, Jung and Berson, 2003). It was measured in Q1, Q11, Q16 and Q35 in Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Dependent Variables in this study list the leaders individual skills, experiences, attitudes and level of adaptability that were defined and measured in the job performance questionnaires.Subordinates refers to followers who are at one time involved in the process of task completion and socio-emotional acceptance of leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1994 in McColl-Kennedy and Anderson, 2002).Idealised Influence refers to the attribution and beha viour that result in the subordinates level of admiration, respect and trust, which discounts their resistivity to change and develops a sense of charismatic leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). This element was included in transformational measurement and was part of the independent variable in attribution Q10, Q18, Q21 and Q25 and behaviour Q6, Q14, Q23 and Q34 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Individualised Consideration refers to a behaviour that promotes personal attention to organisational members needs and trusts in order to assist them in the teaching process (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). It is measured as an independent variable (transformational) in Q15, Q19, Q29 and Q31 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Inspirational Motivation is a kind of behaviour that displays meaning and challenges to subordinates task and inspiration, arouses and excites the organisational leader to promote visi on (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006) and it is measured in Q9, Q13, Q26 and Q36 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Intellectual stimulation is a type of behaviour that encourages new styles of approaches to perform organisational tasks and to generate a direction of potential ideas that challenge subordinates and encourage them to look into new ways of idea generation (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). It was measured as transformational in the independent variables in Q2, Q8, Q30 and Q32 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Job satisfaction is referred to as an individuals behaviour or behaviour in their current job (Moorhead and Griffin, 1995 in Kassabgy, Boraie and Schmidt, 2001). Therefore, it is the situation where subordinates believe in their level of happiness among one another (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006).Laissez-Faire promotes the condition of leadership avoidance or absence (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006) and measured in independent variables in Q5, Q7, Q28 and Q33 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).Leaders are those who are nominated as head of a group, team or even an organisation. They are the people who have charisma in their leadership and have the capability in making decisions and inspire others to derive achievement through a common goal (OLeary, 2000).Leadership is defined as an individual ability to influence others (Stahl, 1995 in Irechukwu, 2010) to shape and embed values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours consistent with employee commitment in the process of accomplishing specific goals.A style of Leadership is an individual character that includes transactional, transformational and laissez-faire.Management is defined as the development and continuous improvement on an organisations system and when applied by any organisational employees could lead towards an increased value in products and services for stak eholders (Stahl, 1995 in Irechukwu, 2010).Management by exception (active and passive) according to Bass and Avolio (1995 in Barling, Slater and Kelloway, 2000 Bass, Avolio, Jung and Berson, 2003) is an action or steps employed by organisational leaders when things are not according to plan. This term is treated as transactional independent variable and is measured through Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) active Q4, Q22, Q24 and Q27, and passive Q3, Q12, Q17 and Q20.Organisational Outcomes in this study is referred to the employees responses in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) through survey questionnaire and all of those measures were all based on their perceptions. perceptual experience is defined as a set of processes where an individual receives and translates data pertaining to their observation and condition (den Brok, Bergen, Stahl and Brekelmans, 2004).Performance Behaviour is the overall ratings on task-related behaviours that would result through the actions or effort displayed by organisational members (Moorhead and Griffin, 1989 in Garg and Rastogi, 2006).Transactional Leadership is a type of leadership that acknowledges subordinates needs and identifies how those needs can be fulfilled in exchange for the subordinates fitting effort and performance. It is composed of contingency reward and management-by-exception either active or passive (Bass, Avolio and Jung, 1995 in Judge and Piccolo, 2004).Transformational Leadership is another type of leadership which comprises of set abilities that permits a leader to identify the need for organisational change and to promote a clear vision as guidance towards change through effective process (Moorhead and Griffin, 1995 in Kassabgy, Boraie and Schmidt, 2001).Organisational Culture is referred to the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence the ways in which individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organisatio nal goals (Jones and George, 2009 Daft, 2005).1.4 Research Objectivesintensive studies have been conducted on leadership particularly on its traits, individual characterisation, its styles and contingency factors (Lord and Smith, 1999). Throughout the years, most of these leadership studies and organisational culture were researched in Western developed countries (e.g. Lok and Crawford, 2003 Ogbonna and Harris, 2000 Kuchinke, 1999 Yousef, 1998).For instance, the pioneering work of Deal and Kennedy (1982) incited the interest of researchers and consultants to the concept of corporate culture, and how these values and philosophy guide the employees behaviour in the organisation towards greater success.Leaders affect their subordinates both directly through their interactions and also through the organisations culture (Li, 2004). As Amabile (1998 in McLean, 2005) suggested that by influencing on the work condition and organisational culture, leaders are able to impact on the organisati onal members behaviour as related to task and motivation. Here, the challenge is to employ a set of actions that are practical within the capacity of the organisation to acquire change and manage organisations resources.Leadership has been a significant topic in organisational studies because leaders are exemplar figures in enhancing their group performances (Mehra, Dixon, Brass and Robertson, 2006). Studies have found that several theories resulting from the early leadership traits, behaviours and situational approaches proceed on the explanation of leaders attribution, charisma and transformational perspectives between leadership and group performance relations. Hence, leaders are required to react more flexibly and manage effectively into this ambiguity and change (Blass and Ferris, 2007 Dickson, Resick and Hanges, 2006 Dickson, Hartog and Mitchelson, 2003).According to Bass (1990) more than 7500 research studies on leadership was performed since early of the last century. Leader ship styles were largely studied and the findings were documented accordingly in leadership literature focussing on individual leaders characteristics in leading others in performing their tasks (Moore and Rudd, 2006). Leaders have an opportunity to obtain organisational power and it depends on their motives and available resources to influence their subordinates.Further, Elloy, Everett and Flynn (1987 in Mester, Visser, Roodt and Kellerman, 2003) affirmed that organisational leaders behaviour are closely associated to their level of performance and leadership styles as determinants tool of their effectiveness in an organisation. In relation to this, styles of leadership are seen as the main component to sustain organisational effectiveness toward business performance (Howell and Avolio, 1993 in Hallinger, 2003).Thus, if stakeholders start to direct more attention on

Education in a Sociological Sense: Article Summaries Essay -- Sociolog

I have chosen two articles in relation to education. The first article determines whether education plays a vital role in religion in Scotland, whereas the second article attempts to present a connection between educational attainment and heathenish capital. This assignment will summarise the articles I have chosen to read, which will provide me with a wider understanding of education in a sociological sense as opposed to my original common sense.The first article I will examine concerns educations role in religion within Scotland. The relationship among religion, education and luck has been a recurrent theme in debates about frugal genial policy since the 1920s (Paterson 2006). The article commences by addressing a certain aspect of this prevalent debate, if and to what extent certain religious groups have experienced social mobility and educations role within this experience. Paterson goes onto explain that to back up this theory she will analyse the results of the Scottish Ho usehold Survey conducted in 2001 to ascertain if social mobility differs between the deuce-ace largest groups in Scotland, and what, if any the role of education might be in that. The three largest groups to which she refers are, no religion, Church of Scotland and Roman Catholic. She attempts to uncover religious differences in mobility patterns, the role of education and if these conclusions are somehow varied by gender.Paterson moves on to outline the surveys process and to illustrate the questions asked within the survey. She attempts to point out minor faults within the survey that may alter the reliance of specific results, the survey asked tout ensemble respondents only about their current religion, not about their religion of upbringing. ... ... GCSE attainment.In conclusion, from reading the two articles my knowledge on education when spirit at it in a sociological sense has deepened and I am now more aware of the role that education plays in topics I never paired it wi th. For example, prior to reading the article involving religion and education, I had never thought of religion aiding my educational credentials. I had also never looked at cultural capital and how that the lack of awareness of certain aspects of culture may hinder my educational credentials and therefore my occupational desires. Works CitedPaterson, L & Iannelli, C (2006) Religion, social mobility and education in Scotland. The British Journal of Sociology. Vol 57, No.1, pp353-375Sullivan, A (2001) Cultural Capital and Educational Attainment. The Journal of The British Sociological Association. Vol 35, No.4, pp893-911

Metaphor in Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Metaphor in HamletIn Shakespeares Hamlet, Act III scene 1, Hamlets soliloquy of To be or not to be is full of metaphors that bring the various themes of the play together. One of the primary themes of the play is Hamlets uncertainty of action and inability to fall how to cope with the problems he faces. In Hamlets soliloquy, Hamlet metaphorically discusses his indecisiveness about the importance of continuing his life and asks himself whether tis nobler of the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of horrid risk or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and, by opposing them, end them. Hamlet wonders whether it is worth facing all his problems (slings and arrows of outrageous fortune) or to commit suicide (and by opposing them, end them.) Hamlet metaphorically comp...